Difficulties Arab Students Have Learning English English Language Essay

Difficulties Arab Students Have Learning side face Language Es asseverateIntroductionAs a teacher of position to Arabic mouth scholarly persons I lose encountered a number of special(prenominal) difficulties Arab school-age childs induct in overwhelming the English actors line. In this paper, I would handle to focus on a particular grammatic problem they have in the discipline of verb ten-spotses beca go for, of only the drop a right smarts that my students go for, mistakes with verbs and verb extends impede communication to the greatest degree.The specific problem I bequeath attempt to look at the argona of verbs is the problem that Arabic vocalisers have in exploitation and confusing the impersonate advanced. I testament base the evidence for these mistakes on actual authorship phantasms that Arabic students have made. Mistakes such as I am tolerate in Abu Dhabi. come up frequently in my students writing.This paper is fundamentalally a contrastive ana lysis since I feel that the majority of my students problems in this atomic number 18a come from m organi showr(a) tongue folie. However, as will be n unityd below, this does non mean I rule out other sources of errors such as intralingual errors.The following is the outline of this paperIn the commencement section of this paper, I will describe the various aspects of the grammatical body building of the turn in un heterogeneous and the gratuity modern in the English language.In the second section of the paper, I will contrast the grammatical structure of the limn uncomplicated and the leave modernized with its Arabic counterparts. I will show how Arabic has structures that vary signifi bunstly and radically from their English counterparts.In the third section, I will introduce a number of examples takes from students indite work and give an indepth analysis of the achievable sources of the errors, mainly with respect to give tongue interference, still overly look ing at some realistic intralingual sources for these errors as well.Finally, in the last section, I will attempt to conjure a general theoretical approach to dealing with such problems split One A grammatical description of the English Present simplistic and the Present ProgressiveThe wide-eyed get tenseAs we already know, the dim-witted baffle of every verb (with the exception of the verb BE, which I will non be dealing with as a grammatical description since it is not the specific focus of this paper) is identical in every person with the basic unmarked base form of the verb except for the third person forms he, she and it to which we more often than not lend s or es (Quirk 1985, p.98). However, numerous irregularities arise in the spelling and pronunciation of this third person form (Leicester 1998, 12.12)(Thomson 1986, p. 150).Questions are make by using the auxiliaries do, does, in the acquaint, and did in the past by dis roam all these before the subject. Negatio n is formed in the same way using dont (or do not) and doesnt, (or does not) in the point, and didnt (or did not) in the past. These forms go after the subject. In addition, the verb essential be revisiond to the basic form.The simple drink is give for statements that are ever true, (e.g. The earth revolves rough the sun.) (Azar 1989,p.2).The simple hold is in like manner utilize for casings, actions or situations which are true in the turn in flow rate of time and which, for all we know, may continue indefinitely, (e.g. Fatima goes to school at Zayed University.) (Azar 1989, p.2) What we are saying in these deportions is that this is how things stand at the present moment (Huddleston 1984, p.81).A further use of the simple present is for actions that are public, things that happen recurrently, (e.g. We study a draw poker.) (Alexander 1988, p.163)(Quirke 1985, p.107).Observations and declarations are another use of the present simple, as in the sentence (It says p resent that in that respect is a new night club opening.)(Alexander 19988, p.163).The present simple rotter in addition be employ to express the succeeding(a), especially when we indirect request to express strong certainty, (e.g. When we graduate, we will get jobs.).Swan, Huddleston, Lewis, Thomson and Quirke, et. al. also add eight other functions of the present simple which might come up in other linguistic contexts such asDemonstrations and commentaries (e.g. First, I take a rolling and break ii eggs in it, then..)The structures here comes and in that respect goes, (e.g. here comes your husband.)Promises and oaths (e.g. I promise., I swear , He denies..) globe correspondence (e.g. We write to advise you.)Instructions (e.g. You go left, turn pay off.)Stories (e.g. In act one, Hamlet meets the ghost of his father.), which Huddleston calls the historic present.In expressions of conception such as hear, see, gather (e.g. I hear youre getting married.)Finally, the simp le present can be utilise in newspaper headlines (e.g. RUSSIANS put together OBJECTIONS)Since there are so some(prenominal) instances of when to use the present simple, is there any way to summarize all of these? I concur with Lewis story that the present simple1-Expresses an issuance as a total private point in time.2-Expresses an reddent as a matter of fact.3-Expresses an event as immediate rather than remote.The present progressive tense twain the simple and progressive forms usually tell us that an action takes place. precisely the progressive forms also tell us that an activity is or was, or will be, and so on in progress, or thought of as cosmos in progress. In other words, the present progressive tells us that the utterer sees an action as taking place over a period of time as unlike to a point in time. In addition look intoers would add that the speaker sees the period as limited (Lewis 1986 Leech, 1975 Huddleston, 1984 Quirke, 1985).The present progressive ten se is formed with the present of be (am/is/are) (which adds aspect and voice), give tongue to by Quirke to be the finite verb, plus the ing form (the non-finite form) (Quirke 1985, p. 120). there are no complications with the additional ing form however the spelling of the ing has some irregularities and needs to be taught to students e.g. write, writing run, running begin, beginning lie, lying). (Alexander 1988 Huddleston 1984 Quirke 1985).Question administration takes place by switching the place of the auxiliary be and the subject. Negation is achieved by inserting not between the subject and the auxiliary or by spying nt with the auxiliary verb forms (with the exception of the first person singular form am) (Quirke, 1985).In the classroom, the classical reason given for why we use the present progressive is that it shows an uncompleted action in progress at the time of speaking. To underline this, we often use adverbials like now, at the moment, just, etc. For example, Hes n ot nursing home at the moment, hes working. (Quirke 1985).The present progressive can also be used to describe actions which have not been happening for long, or are thought of as being temporary situations, and which are freeing on around now, e.g. Abdullah is living with his aunt until he can find a place of his take..A further use of the present progressive is to push to activities and events plotted for the future. We largely use adverbials in such sentences unless the meaning is clear from context, e.g. Were expending next Thursday in Abu Dhabi. (Azar 1989 Huddleston 1984 Quirke 1985).The present progressive can also be used to blab out about developing and changing situations, e.g. That electric shaver is getting bigger all the time. (Swan 1980).Sometimes the present progressive can be used to let the cat out of the bag about feelings, such as I am feeling fine. or My back is hurting me..The present progressive is used to show repeated actions along with adverbs such as always, invariably, continually, forever, perpetually, and repeatedly, such as He is always helping people.. In this sense it conveys not temporariness, but incessantness. (Leech 1975 Huddleston 1984).The present progressive also is used to show repeated actions that are happening around now, e.g. He is studying a lot of English these days. Why is he going to the library? (Swan 1980).Dynamic versus stative Verbs in the present simple and the progressive tensesDynamic/progressive verbs refer to verbs which show actions which are deliberate or voluntary, e.g. Im building a house., or changing situations, e.g. Hes becoming fat.. Dynamic verbs can be used in twain the progressive as well as the simple forms e.g. I eat at 500 (everyday). as opposed to Im eating now..stative verbs (also known as non-progressive verbs) are verbs which indicate a state, condition or experience. Specifically, stative verbs fall into categories such as feelings (like, love), thinking/believing (think, know, realize), necessitys and preferences (need, want), intuition and the senses ( touch, see), and being, fronting, having, and owning ( have the appearance _or_ semblance, look, appear). Stative verbs are generally not used in the progressive forms (Quirke 1985).However some stative verbs can be used in both(prenominal) the present simple and the progressive tenses, which results in a antithetical meaning in each form, e.g. Im thinking of a solution. as opposed to I think he is the best man for the job. or These flowers smell skilful. as opposed to Latifa is smelling the flowers in the garden.) (Alexander 1988 Azar 1989 Azar 1986 Quirke 1985).The present simple versus the present progressiveSwan makes note of a number of areas where students might obscure the present simple with the present continuous.A. We use the simple present to talk about things that are true for the present period of time, or, as was observe above, to say this is how things stand at the present mome nt for the foreseeable future. However, if the event is temporary and is taking place right now, we use the present progressive.Afrah studies at the Higher Colleges.Afrah is studying her English lesson.B. We use the present progressive to talk about habitual actions if these are happening around the moment of speaking.Fayrouz and Fatima are preparing for the Eid holidays.However, if the habitual action is not closely connected to the moment of speaking, we generally use the present simple.I go to Saudi Arabia once every three years.C. Verbs that refer to physical feelings can sometimes be used in either the simple present or the present progressive.I feel great or Im feeling greatMy head hurts. or My head is hurting.(Swan 1980).PART TWO A grammatical description of the Arabic present simple and the present progressiveIn this part of the paper, I would like to give readers a very brief background of the Arabic verb system in regard to the simple present and the present progressive.T he Arabic verb system is very complicated. However, this does not mean that a teacher has to master the Arabic language before s/he is able to arrest errors that may be a result of the interference of Arabic in English. One can study the Arabic language with the goal of manifestly understanding the structure, rather than with the goal of speaking and writing in the language. permit us first look at the present simple, then the present progressive, and finally the verb to be since all of these grammatical items are specifically germane(predicate) to the particular problem at hand.A.The Present SimpleIn Arabic, the make-up of the present simple is radically contrastive from English, since Arabic uses a reference system made up of the three most important consonants (though two or four consonant roots do sometimes occur). In Arabic the three basic consonants (the root) stay the same but it is by changes in the vowels, the suffixes and the prefixes that tense and number are indica ted. It is vastly more complicated than the way some English verbs change tense by changing vowels, e.g. give, gave.For example, the sentence, he learns could be represented phonetically by ya-droo-soo. The d-r-s is the root, ya is the part that indicates this is a third person singular masculine verb (though this is not the pronoun). The pattern of the vowels and consonants (ya + c1 + c2+ oo + c3 + oo), lets the speaker know that this is the present tense. In contrast, the past could be represented by a different pattern hence, he learned, dar-ah-sah has the pattern (c1 + ai or ah + c2 + ai or ah + c3 + ah) (and this is just one pattern out of ten)From a sentence point of view the verb in Arabic is not necessarily treated as the nucleus of a sentence and, in the case of the copula verb BE, can be omitted entirely (as we shall see below). The verb can also be placed at the beginning of the sentence.Like its English counterpart, the present simple tense in Arabic expresses a habitua l action. There are other functions, but they are not germane(predicate) to this discussion.B.The Present ProgressiveIn general, the present simple form is also used in Arabic to express the topic of a continuous action occurring in the present. Hence, the English sentenceHe is working now. in Arabic becomes He works now.(represented phonetically by huwwah yaamaloo al eyn.)What is he doing? in Arabic becomes What does he do?(represented phonetically by mehzah yafaaloo al eyn?)Hence, in almost all cases, the present simple form is used to show the idea of continuous action in the present. However, there is a single verb form in Arabic called the ism-ul-fail which is the exact parallel to the idea of continuous action. However, the difference in Arabic is that the ism-ul-fail is used very sparingly compared to English and then only for some very specific verbs of movement, or verbs that indicate changing from one state to another (going up, going in, going down, walking to a place, leaving a place, etc.).Since the ism-ul-fail is radically different in form from the English progressive it is doubtful that any interference in form occurs.C.A Few Points About The Verb BE as a copulativeAlthough BE as a copula is not the focus of this paper, it does deserve mention here for two specific reasons. The first point is that BE in Arabic, when it is the copula in the present tense, is unwritten and unspoken (although this is not true of the copula in the past tense or the future where it is written and spoken). (Kharma, 1989, p. 89).For example, the literal translation of the sentence Ahmed is a student. is Ahmed student.. So it is liable that students might leave BE out as a copula OR as the helping verb in the present progressive because it does not exist in the present tense in Arabic (although there are other additional reasons why students might forget to add it to the present progressive as we shall see).The second point is that BE is used so often in English, i n so umpteen different benigns of structures, and that it is so irregular, that it might simply add to the confusion of students (Kharma 1989, p. 161). Students who keep on being pass uped for leaving out the verb to be when it is necessary, may for example, hypercorrect themselves and last to write it everywhere. Again, we shall explore this issue further below.PART THREE A look at some common written errors made by Arabic speaking students when using the English present simple and present progressiveFinding the exact causes of any error can be a difficult and meticulous task. This is partly because there may be multiple reasons as to why students make one particular error and these causes may also overlap at any given time. In addition, it is extremely problematic, even for a native speaker of both Arabic and English, (which I am) to know exactly what is going on linguistically in the mind of a student when s/he makes such an error.However, having verbalise that, even with t hese obstacles, we can at least make some good hypotheses and lists of possibilities as to why these errors occur with our own students. As a result, we will be able to generate classroom strategies and methods in order to correct and remedy these sorts of mistakes. The following categories of errors are the most common that I have found in students written work with regards to the simple present versus the present progressive. I will look at each category in turn, and offer an analysis of the sources for these types of error. course of instruction OneFatima studies now.Ahmed does his homework now.In these sentences, the function of the Arabic speaking writer seems to be to convey the meaning of what in English would be a present continuous action, show by the present continuous tense. This is clear by the use of the adverb now or in the case of other examples not shown here, from other adverbs or the context of the sentence. In examples one and two, the Arabic speaker seems to be transferring the rules of his native language into English. The Arabic speaker usually uses only the present simple to express events that would be expressed in English by both the present simple and the present continuous.Category TwoMariam cant talk, she eating now.This kind of mistake is a bit more problematic in equipment casualty of analysis. It could be that the Arabic speaker, feeling that the full meaning of the action is expressed in the verb with the ing, has decided that the am/are/is forms are redundant and unnecessary. It could also be the case that this mistake is a direct transfer of a particular grammatical form in Arabic. In certain cases Arabic speakers do express the present continuous with a verb and prefix change (called ism-ul-fail), but without the corresponding be form. For example, the literal translation of the sentence Ahmed is running. is Ahmed running. .Category ThreeAre you knowing the way to Dubai?I am lacking to see my family.In this case, the stud ent has learned the present progressive form, but is over generalizing it to all verbs (or perhaps does not remember or has not been taught the rules for exceptions such as the above). These types of errors could very well be intralingual.This over abstractedness could also be found in sentences that have the function of explaining, demonstrating direction or narrating such asNext I am pouring the oil into the cooking pan.Ali is passing the ball to the goalkeeper.Category FourI am live in Abu Dhabi.We are study English.This category is in all likelihood the most difficult to analyze. This is because it is unclear whether the Arabic speaker is making the mistake of adding the additional am/is/are form while seek to use the present tense, or making the mistake of forgetting to use the present participial while severe to use the present progressive tense. That is, did the speaker destine to say I live in Abu Dhabi. and use the extra am form by mistake, or did s/he intend to say I am living in Abu Dhabi. and forget the correct present participle form? Of course, there are other possibilities but these seem like the two most likely.We must obviously look at the context of the paragraph to see if we can get the gist of what the speaker meant. The following is a more detailed analysis of these two possibilities from the base of the students reasoning.1. If we believe from the context that the student was endeavouring to use the present simple and added the additional am in error, then the following analyses applyA. The student may be confused by the lack of inflectional endings in English, since Arabic is a highly inflected language, and every personal pronoun has a distinct corresponding inflected verb form. The similarity of the verb forms in I live, you live, etc. may seem very awkward to the Arabic speaker. Hence, they may want to remedy the situation by distinguishing the verb forms in some way by, for example, adding an super familiar and overused ver b form like am, are, or is.B. The student may be over generalising based on what they have learned about the present continuous. That is, they may have learned how to form the present continuous quite a easily since there is no mother tongue interference from Arabic, (although they may not have mastered its use). They then may go on to conclude that every verb in the present simple or present continuous in English needs to be preceded by am/is/are.C. Similarly, the student may be hypercorrecting. They may have been corrected so many times for forgetting to use the verb BE in their sentences e.g. Ahmed happy, that they may dinero to feel that every sentence needs the verb BE.2. However, if we believe that the student was trying to use the present continuous tense and used the present simple live (instead of the present participle living), then the following analyses applyA. The student may not have correctly understood how to form the present participle by adding ing to the end of the verb.B. Perhaps students have simply disregarded to add the ing prefix because the structure is so different in their language.This is by no means an exhaustive analysis. However, these are, from my experience and collaboration with other colleagues, both native and non-native speakers, some of the major possibilities.PART FOUR Pedogogical implications of the above query for pedagogics the present simple and the present progressive to Arabic speaking studentsFrom the evidence I have presented here, I believe it is clear that many of the mistakes in using the present simple and the present progressive in form (such as omission of the verb to be in the simple present for Arabic speakers, e.g. I studying), as well as other mistakes in usage (e.g. using the simple present when the present progressive is required) seem to be traceable directly to Arabic mother tongue interference. base on my analyses, reading and discussion with colleagues, I do feel that in this particular area , teachers of EFL to Arabic speakers must consider mother tongue interference as a major impediment to learning the present tense versus the present progressive.If we know that mother tongue interference is the cause of many errors, what should this imply for our teaching? One thing which I think it does not imply is that we teach English from the point of view of the mother tongue. For example, trying to get students to understand English grammar through word for word translations or using the grammatical structure of Arabic to help students to understand the grammatical structure of English are only useful in certain cases, and then only by someone who is a master of both languages.My experience in reading the research, being bilingual and talking to Arabic speaking students who are at the final stages of their English studies leads me to believe that, at least in the case of Arabic and English, that the two languages are sufficiently different that they are both best looked at in their own respective grammars. Students must be made, not only to think in English, but to understand English grammar in terms of English grammar without constantly switching back and forth to compare it with Arabic. Such practices are inefficient and will cause confusion among students.As Lewis says students should never expect the remote language to be like their own..the fact that English has verb forms that kibosh be as an auxiliary does not suggest that other languages ought to have a corresponding form.students should be positively encouraged to explore the unconnected language within itself rather than through the expectations they bring from their own. (Lewis, 1986, pp. 164-165).In addition, I should add that intralingual factors can also be at work when students make such errors (in addition to context specific factors like student motivation, teaching style and competence, etc.). For example, on the intralingual side, we know that students of ESL from many different l anguage groups and even children make common mistakes with the verb to be. Therefore, many such mistakes might be intralingual. (Mattar 1989). Hence, when we try to analyse our students errors we should not be prejudiced to any one surmise and we should try to be open to looking at all possible sources of errors.What we as teachers should be doing in the classroom is continually collecting research on student errors and student learning styles in order to form hypotheses about why such errors occur and why such one approach worked and another didnt. We should then be trying to test these hypotheses to see if they are true or not, and afterwards share this information w ith other teachers in similar situations. Only then will we be able to understand why students make errors and what is the most effective way to correct them.Word count 4,161 words

Pakistan International Airlines (PIA) SWOT and PESTLE

Pakistan inter nationalistic Airlines (pia) lift and PESTLEINTRODUCTIONThe main theme of this assignment is to critically take Pakistan multinational Airline and to appraise the aim of effectiveness of the physical composition. It includes strategical, pecuniary and preference instruction abridgment. This is carried proscribed in terce begins. Overall strategic redact is scrutinized and external and cozy environs is evaluated through unalike models such asSWOTand PESTLE STEEP analysis in the first fragmentize of an assignment. The second part is an b rock coerersuit review of charitable imaginativeness shockingction in pia and different approaches for their employees retention and dischargeance ar good assessed as to point out their weaknesses and groundss for those flaws in overall system. The final part is the ratio analysis which helps in analysing the financial position of the business and daze of resource precaution conclusivenesss on organisatio ns growth and stability.INTRODUCTION OF piaPakistan International Airlines alliance (piaC) is the premium air lane of Pakistan with its head office on the in cont procedurect of Jinnah International Airport in Karachi. pia is one of the largest airlines in Asia, operational scheduled services to 24 municipal destinations and 39 planetary destinations in 25 countries across Asia, Europe and North America. Its main bases ar at Karachi, Lahore and Islamabad. (Khan A., 2008).ANALYSIS OF RELATIONSHIP OF STRATEGIC take aim PLANNING AND LOWER LEVELRelationship among mel meek(prenominal) and cut levels of management is that Planning is through with(p) at high-pitcheder level and execution is done by the minusculeer level just the lower management is non convolute in any decision do and planning in pia. In concomitant its Lower management just plays role in gathering knowledge for each step of strategic planning.Mission Statementpia Corporation has stated its mission st atement as a symbol of national pride, aspired to be an airline of choice, operating put onably on new-fangled font mer bottomtile concepts and capable of competing with the best in the International as well as Domestic merchandises (www.piac.com.pk, accessed date 08/10/2010)Mission statement of pia is mentioned in a way thatEmployee squad will contribute towards making PIA a globular airline of choice throughOffering fibre guest services and innovative products.Using state of art technologies.Ensuring address effective measures in procurement and operations.Developing safety cultures.On Jan 15, 2010 strategic objectives of PIA were given in 33rd BOD meeting i.e. accession of new additional flights, real time tax revenue management systemIntroduction and success of Pakistan remittance initiativeIncreasing food grocery plow by 5 %Successful monitoring of routesIn PIA Mission and objectives ar set by the higher management for the overall agreement that provides track to middle and lower level employees so that they dirty dog bring the keep company at an established position because Higher management disregard non directly take part in modify customer felicity so team work is required from ticket reservation to landing of plane. Employees work in different teams such as office staff, ground staff, cabin crew and flight attendants as to consummate day to day operations and to get overall objectives and mission.2.2 Environmental s good dealGoal graspment of any company is bullyly influenced by the overall environment, so in PIA before doing strategic planning higher management likewise s bungholes over all environment that involve internal and external environment both a unyielding with the analysis of firms manufacture.2.3 Strategy homeworkManagement at the top level of PIA utilizes all the entropy gathered by the lower management and formulate its strategies by exploitation its strengths and availing its opportunities to overcome its weaknesses and threats so as to create combative edge in the airline constancy.2.4 Strategy ImplementationImplementation in any giving medication involves restructuring of firms resources and high level of demand for lower and middle management. But in PIA strategy implementation becomes really complicated as they do non change their structures according to their new and modified strategies, and their employees argon exceedingly de sparkd as their suggestions ar not welcomed in formulating the strategies. Ultimately the strategies are construe by them.2.5 Evaluation and ControlImplementation of strategies are evaluated and controlled by PIAs higher management but they are very much rigid in making adjustments in their overall strategies.2.6 VisionPIA Corporation has stated its vision as To be fiercely competitive, consistently exceeding customer expectations and be the choice employer that embraces modern technology in all spheres of its activities. find OF VISION, MISSION , VALUES AND GOALS OF PIA OVER ITS STAKEHOLDERSMission, vision, values and goals for PIA take great influence over its stakeholders that involves3.1 guestsIn the vision and mission statements of PIA their customers expectations and satisfaction is highly focal pointed so they are increasing their securities industry direct by offering different services such asMagazines uniform hamsafar and newspapers are given to all customers of PIADifferent flyer programs also attract customers as they can get free tickets and excess luggage vouchers etcPIA continuously changes its plane design after every 3 years as to strike to a greater extent and more customer attentionPIA also introduces cargo service namely PIA Speedex.PIA is also doing brand merchandising through sponsorship to become more and more popular e.g. PIA is sponsoring Shandur polo gala, ABN Amro patrons trophy, destination Pakistan 2007 festivalPIA also supports non earn organizations like Al Shifa trust, Zindagi trust etc.PIA is also maintaining high safety culture for its customers3.2 EmployeesPIA believes in team work and without that they cannot achieve their goals and mission but they do not empower their employees to participate in decision making process so they are not involved in setting goals, vision and mission for their company.3.3 ShareholdersPIA does not focus on partake inholders income or their satisfaction in its vision and mission statements which shows its low level of interest. And it is proved by the fact that it is not achieving its goals so veneering financial crisis that results in expiration for its shareholders as share price decreases from 3.17 to 2.61 and loss was PAK Rs.5822 million in 2009.SWOT ANALYSIS4.1 (S)TRENGTHSLeading Market strengthAccording to Annual report of PIA (2008), PIA is one of Pakistans jumper lead air carriers, with more than 800 daily flights. Around 150,000 passengers fly a calendar month on PIA, making it one of the major operators in the domestic market in terms of passenger destination.PIAs international market share was 43.5%, In the Domestic market, its market share was 69.4%. On a system-wide basis, PIAs market share was 51.2% at the end of year 2009. Its hale market position is dictated by consistently low fares as well as original service, frequent and convenient flights, use of new technologies like e-ticketing and self damp in terminals, comfortable cabins and superior customer service.Superior Operating StructurePIA has maintained its position as the low cost carrier. It has been first trend Pakistani airline to use the latest technology. Factors contributing consists of different serial publication of Boeing and Airbus and an efficient, high-utilization and point- to-point route structure.Network PresencePIA enjoys a world(a) strong network and international destinations. The companys network includes three the major airports in Pakistan, as well as major international airport such as Dubai Internatio nal Airport. Having a strong network essence that PIA can acquire traffic feed for both its domestic and international Flights. legal Use Of TechnologyPIA has successfully beard latest technology in all its systems, giving it an edge over competitors. PIA takes address for introducing most new technologies to the Pakistani market. It was the second carrier in Pakistan to in incorporate the c-ticketing system and the second in South Asia to introduce self admit-out procedure in systems at the Jinnah International Airport, Karachi.4.2 (W)EAKNESSESWorse Govt. RulesThe key policies, strategies and set of laws are designed by the upper management. The centralized system is one of the biggest obstacles of long term success of PIA. PIA centralizes structure lead to barrel between different level of management, decreased motivation, and hard access to information.DebtPIA has a significant standard of 42 billion debts. Current and future debts could have important consequences for st akeholders of the company.Reliance On Oil PricesPIAs sustainability, growth and revenues directly take care on oil prices. A steep rise in oil prices can seriously damage the long term viability of any airline. of late many airlines around the world went bankrupt due to rising oil prices. Airlines assume to hedge against this risk by taking proper measures.4.3 (O)PPORTUNITIESHaving The upper limit Route And FleetPIA is having the maximum route and fleet domestic and international destinations network in Pakistan as compared to its Competitors. Route and fleet elaboration will dictatorially pretend the companys operations by increasing revenues. maturation Demand For Low Cost AirlinesThe growing demand for air trip up is driven by lower fares and consumer confidence. A survey by International Aviation Authority showed that ticket price is the issuing one bill for passengers when selecting a flight, well ahead of the availability of a non-stop service.Shifting Customer NeedsTh e needs of air passengers are increasingly changing, as they are becoming more and more price sensitive. If PIA succeeds in making its prices more competitive, then the company will be able to gain significant market share.Industry RecoveryMarket analysts believe that the worldwide airline industry will experience an upturn in fortunes over the nigh hardly a(prenominal) years. This represents an opportunity for PIA, as it could generate increased revenues and command market share if it capitalizes on increases in demand.4.4 (T)HREATSHigh fill RatesThe last(prenominal) few years have pay heedn State Bank of Pakistan impose high as well as low interest rates to check inflation and the overheating of Pakistani economy. Inflation in Pakistan may see another raise in the short-term.Strong Competition By AirbluePIA is now competing against carriers such as Airblue and Shaheen Airline. PIA remains Airblues strongest competitor because of the vast market it has gained over time, stron g brand image and customer loyalty.Interest And Foreign Currency Exchange RatesFluctuating foreign gold exchange rates can have a significant impact on PIAs earnings. For example, as PIA is providing its services to the UK. Negative or positive effects arise from exchange rate movements as change in expenses.PESTLE AND STEEP ANALYSISPESTLE and STEEP factors including political, social, economic, technological, legal and environmental factors (Ireland R. et al 2008).(P)OLITICAL FACTORSAccording to Ireland R. et al (2008), political factors always have a great influence on the way where businesses operate in the airline industry and the spending power of customers.Pakistan has achieved some political stability in recent years. If the management of PIA believes that the present government will work out well (consistently), then there will be more investment in the form of purchase of new airplanes and latest technology.(E)CONOMIC FACTORSCurrently, Airlines industry has three major p layers PIA, an Airblue, Aero Asia and Shaheen Airlines. Their target market includes domestic travellers as well as Pakistanis living abroad particularly in the UK and USA. Economically, the new millennium has been highly volatile the September 11 attacks revolutionized the whole world. Consequently, there was a global depression in the North America, South America, Australia and Europe.(S)OCIAL FACTORSCustomers are more witting of market conditions and available options and want to get best value for their bullion (Johnson Scholar, 2001). They spend considerable time and money on entertainment because increasing the need of in-flight entertainment systems.Hajj attracts a huge number of customers.(T)ECHNOLOGICAL FACTORSMajor technological changes are taking place in the airlines industry with innovations in the reservations and booking systems. In-flight entertainment systems and auto check in counters are two examples of such innovations. Internet plays a key role in e-ticketin g as consumer can easily reserve tickets or check the condition of the flight.(L)EGAL FACTORSAirlines legislations and policies have a direct impact on the carrying out of PIA. PIA has attacked newlegislation which will force them to pay greater pay to customers in the event of overbooking, cancellations and delays.(E)NVIRONMENTAL FACTORSPIA, as a symbol of national pride, should be a choice airline operating profitably on modern commercial concepts, capable of competing with the best in its entire international and domestic markets, consistently exceeding customer expectations. It should be a choice employer deploying modern technology in all spheres of its activities.APPROACHES TO HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT TO tending THE DEVELOPMENT OF BUSINESS STRATEGYWith an controling that global economic downturn and ever rising operating costs besides exacerbated by displace crude oil prices. According to Greg J. et al (2009), human resource utilizations should be focused in PIA to a ddress whether a b adjuster future is practical through management practices that fully engage employees and achieve genuine compacts with their unions to fork over an ailing airline. Failure to elicit employee commitment through human resource practices could mean that PIA is doomed to fail in competitive airmanship industry in which private sector is increasing its market share by catering to customer satisfaction.Creating a culture in which employees are close-knit and where top management focuses on its personnel asset by taking care of them so that they are ready to face and serve to every days melody challenges wont be easy unless PIA starts building better relationship at various levels within its vertical organization. When an organization nurtures values of friendliness and loyalty among its staff then at last customers benefit from improved service quality and creating a customer-centric culture becomes comparatively easy. High employee morale and high quality deliv ery of service to customers are both inter-related and inter-dependent variables and airlines like Southwest Airlines, SWA, that based its business model not only on its customers but also its employees satisfaction have seen its net growing when others were all losing revenues in post 9/11 item. military man resource management section of PIA could be used as a valuable agent of change that creates a strategic partnership among different levels of management and improves collaboration between different departments by defining policies and procedures that eventually results in a higher level of service end-to-end the organization. Properly trained human resource professionals that not only understand intricacies of organizational culture but also possess knowledge of global aviation industry can create a work environment that promotes dignity and respect and prepares PIA for 21st century challenges. Turnaround of Continental Airlines that used human resource management as a pe ter of corporate strategy to alter its work and communication practices throughout the organization is another example of the pivotal role that human resource department in PIA can play to improve its brands strength and gust its financial losses (Carrig 1997).To remain competitive in global market where technology can perform many of the operations traditionally performed by human agents, PIA needs to take some measures to reduce its custody by utilizing technology to its benefit. Moving to online ticketing save us at least 8-9 per cent in costs, the managing director of PIA once said. This partially resolves over-employment that burdens companys dire financial condition. The next step should be online check-in for domestic and international flights. PIA should invest further in its website to offer options to amend travel plan as and when required.Political influence and interference that affects fairness of recruitment policies poses challenges for human resource management w hen they are forced to make decisions that does not organize with PIAs strategy but serves political purposes. I cannot emphasize enough on the importance of transparent recruitment. PIA needs to learn the importance of hiring as its success depends on the ability and style of its pot. An organization that is in epic need of leadership and role models should decorate its headquarters walls by photographs of employees who adapt and promote company policies by achieving excellence in their respected roles. This practice would encourage healthy competition within employees and they would work with more dedication to get recognized.PERFORMANCE AND REWARD MANAGEMENT INCLUDING THE ROLE OF PERFORMANCE estimationNowadays according to my point of view any type of respect plays a vital role in employee functioning any it is financial or non-financial .Financial includes increase salary benefits like medical, travel, children benefits , pension etc and non-financial are ain recogniti on , appreciation , promotion etc. PIA must handle a employee survey in which first they identify the needs of different employees like what type of rewards PIA should provide them so that they can motivate and perform better to make it first choice .Performance estimation or Career learning discussion is method by which the line of products performance of an employee is evaluated in term of qualitative, quantities, cost and time typically by super ordinate boss or supervisor Performance judgment is a part of guiding and managing career development .It is the process of obtaining, analysing and arranging information virtually the relative worth of an employee to the organization. Performance appraisal is an analysis of an employees recent success and failures personal strengths and weaknesses, and suitability for promotion or further schooling. It is also the judgement of an employees performance in the job based on considerations other than productivity alone. Its a tool by which management can give feed back on employees performance identify his/her training needs .Facilitate communication between employee and administration/management .It improve performance through counselling , coaching and development . Simply when ever you tell any body about his/her weakness strengths you he/she will perform better towards achieving organizational goals.STRATEGIES FOR EMPLOYEE DEVELOPMENT AND REDEVELOPMENTThe study is intended to check the development of employees in the organization. A good development program and procedure are demand to achieve goal of the organization. To cope with poor performance and to retain employee and always keep them sustainable we have lots of strategies but what I found in my research that not all are play a vital role but someone plays a significant role (Svend Hollensen, 2005).DecentralizationEmployee will better develop in decentralized decision making where they life they are part of team whenever you involve employee in deci sion making you can easily achieve you desire objective in better way (Jeston J. Neils J., 2006). If we prattle about PIA (Pakistan international Airline) in PIA delegation of authority is limited due to centralized decision making .The authorities reserve the right to make decisions in Board meeting or you can label that only top level management can make decision in board meeting. The middle and lower level management is not allowed to speak for against the top level management whatever top level make or implement they have to follow the decision byplay RotationsAccording to Price A. (2005), job rotation is organic part of development it is practiced to allow qualified employees to gain more insights into the processes of a company and to reduce boredom and increase job satisfaction through job variation. More rotation more satisfies an employee. Job Rotation is not commonalty in PIA (Pakistan International Airline) thats why PIA employees are not fully satisfyFeed backFeedba ck plays a vital role in development and Redevelopment of employee and retains them on the job (Mercer, 1996). masses need feedback.Most people do not see themselves as others see them. Feedback is essential to learning. If people dont fully appreciate their strengths, how can they use them to their advantage? People who take a professional attitude toward their work want feedback. If we talk about PIA quarterly employee co-ordination meeting are held where all employees can share their views with their bosses and subordinates and subordinates take feedback from super ordinates it helps to reduce the conflicts within the organisation and employee satisfaction.homework and development ProgramsTraining leads towards development and when employees skills more develop organisation can easily achieve its objectives training is essential to make employee more impulsive to perform task (Price A. 2005). Training is strategy to retain an employee in the organisation it is duty of top level management to review the performance appraisals of employee and if they feel lack any where they should provide proper training to cope with that problem. This strategy is some sort of investment on employee. When employee feels that company is investing on he/she they always try to perform better.Analysis of the Liquidity ratioIt is apparent above chart that the PIA is running with a ostracise working capital in both financial years. Similarly the percentages of flow rate quick and cash ratio are also very low that reveals the fact that the contemporary asserts of the company is not enough to meet its current liabilities. Either it should be equal or above the maiden industry level or it should be in Positive Percentage.Leverages ratio shows the make out of debt utilized by the firm to finance its asserts (Wight R. et al, 2009). It can be either by using share holders equity or by the amount of borrowing. Leverage ratio of the PIA shows the greater amount of debt to finance i ts asserts.The figures of the exertion ratio indicate the low credibility of the PIA in utilizing its assets to generate the sales. As it is apparent from the fact that ratios for both the years are peacefulness low and the company will require a greater period of time to convert its assets to generate sales.Analysis of Profitability RatioThe financial statement shows a slight decline in the gross profit margin in the 1st quarter of year 10 over the previous year. Similarly there is slight increase for the Return on equity ratio, though it is low but as an investor it is somehow encouraging. On the other hand operating profit, net profit margin and echo on assets are in real bad condition as they are in negative.CONCLUSIONReason for PIA down go along is that the company is goal oriented instead of focusing on means used to achieve those goals. So the problem comes at the implementation face as they are not people oriented, mean the company does not involve its middle and lower management in decision making. That is the reason weaknesses occur and they fail to cope their upcoming threats and unable to create competitive edge in their respectivePIA has boosted in last few years. Corporate level is planning forward for next upcoming years. PIA has to changed organisational structure so that it can bring a change and motivation in employees. This will solve all the problems and conflicts among the company structure from corporate level down to the lower level.They should motivate their employees and as well as less the over head cost expenses and other expenses like ram cost .It should be like less input and high out put to improve the corporate level they should heir responsible people so that they are good in decision making and strategic planning. This can be only done by good marketing policies.

International Entrepreneurship Leading To Greater Cultural Understanding Commerce Essay

International Entrepreneurship Leading To greater Cultural Understanding Commerce Essay orbicularisation of the conception trade brings parvenue possibilities as well as enormous hurdles for both(prenominal) established and young demarcationes. With the emergence of externalist enterprisership, entrepreneurs be concentrating on particular issues that they breast operating in complex surrounds alludeed by divers(a) national civilisations and institutional influences (Johanson Vahlne, 2009). New planetary entrepreneurs depend on world(a) cyberspaces for resources, statistical distribution, and designs for growth. International entrepreneurs realize that success in a new merchandise place conveys agility, ingenuity, and certainty with a world-wide viewpoint to acquire sustainability. Thus, global persuasion is beneficial since contrary headache line organization clients can choose ideas, fruits, and function from any(prenominal)(prenominal) countries and sh ades. However, entering into a foreign environment and horticulture can as well become an obstacle psychologically in and of itself for the individual world(prenominal) entrepreneur (Mitchell et al., 2002). This paper will examine two argonas that centering on the splendor of ethnic understanding in world-wide entrepreneurship. The first will arrest of how entrepreneurs who expand into foreign markets moldiness know how to think globally in order to design and adopt strategies for diametric nations as a problem ventures into an uncertain market. The second part will explore how psychological edition of the individual entering a foreign culture is interconnected with the transnational entrepreneur.Entrepreneurs can expand their business by participating in the global market as every year thousands of small business enterprises argon flakeively engaged in the planetary field. International entrepreneurship studies defy started to focus on particularised topics that confront entrepreneurs as they expand their new ventures (Zahra, Korri, Yu, 2005). The explanation of international entrepreneurship in this paper will focus on the go of creatively discovering and exploiting opport social unities that lie outside of a soakeds house servant markets in the inquisition of competitive advantage (Zahra George, 2002) across national borders, to create future goods and services (Oviatt McDougall, 2005). This meaning incorporates the process aspect of international entrepreneurship, which focuses on a rally issue of why some individuals exploit international opportunities while others every bit well placed do not act on them (Zahra, Korri, Yu, 2005). Globalization is a process fuelled by increasing cross border flows of goods, services, money, deal, information, and culture (Held et al., 1999, p. 16). However, the use of this term will refer to Guillns (2001) definition of globalization as a process leading to greater interdependence and mutual sensory faculty among participants in general. Guilln (2001) combines the understanding of globalization as the intensification of consciousness of the world as a whole, and as the diffusion of practices, determine and engine room that w are an influence on peoples lives worldwide (Guilln, 2001).Noticing opportunities is normally more difficult in international settings, and the take of precariousness that the potential entrepreneur must endure will as well be greater. Entrepreneurs able to function successfully in international settings may be both more skilled at noticing opportunities and have a greater capacity to endure the incertitude associated with international entrepreneurship (Lu Beaamish, 2001). Noticing opportunities is normally more difficult in international settings, and the level of uncertainty that the potential entrepreneur must endure will also be greater (Coviello, 2006).Oviatt and McDougall (2005) emphasized that international entrepreneurs display th e intention to compete in multiple locales at the inception of the smashed to exploit existing international opportunities and would have the intention to do so when they started their firms (McNaughton, 2003). Starting a firm is a difficult process under the best of circumstances. International business scholars have traditionally argued that internationalization is difficult because firms had to overcome a obligation of foreignness, although Johanson and Vahlne (2009) have recently acknowledge that being part of an trenchant meshing and prior knowledge can greatly accelerate the international entrepreneurship process. This liability of foreignness was based on the fact that firms and entrepreneurs lacked knowledge about doing business in other countries, which meant they had to endure the courts of learning and the discomfort of uncertainty (Lu Beaamish 2001). However, by positioning themselves in relevant networks, or because of their past experience, many a(prenominal) entrepreneurs have high levels of operational knowledge about foreign markets. In this manner, the traditional approaches for relations with the liability of foreignness of either imitating local firms or by transferring unique organizational or managerial competences to their foreign unit (Sapienza et al., 2006) have been supplemented with a knowledge component, which is more related to uncertainty. There has been an re comprehension that firms could begin to internationalize sooner and Sapienza et al. (2006, p. 915) suggest that the earlier a firm internationalizes, the more deeply imprinted its dynamic capability for exploiting opportunities in foreign markets will be. Others have pointed out the benefits of internationalizing earlier, or at least exporting at an earlier stage (Kundu Katz 2003). This may be because although there is a cost to learning, early entrants begin this process sooner (Autio, Sapienza, Almeida, 2000) and at least some suggest they should do this befor e they actually start the firm (Coviello, 2006).An entrepreneur who would like to incorporate advantage of international markets may have to write up a foreign language, may have lived abroad and may be face with culture shock. Entrepreneurs must realize their companys competitive advantage such(prenominal) as technology, price, financial superiority, or marketing, product innovation, an efficient distribution network or possession of exclusive information about the foreign market (Sapienza et al., 2006). Declining market instructs at home may cause entrepreneurs to seek foreign markets to help their business. prospered global entrepreneurs should have the following characteristics a global vision, international management experience, innovative marketing or technology processes, a strong international business network, and effective organizational coordination worldwide (Lee, Peng, Barney, 2007).When global opportunities occur, entrepreneurs are likely more open-minded about i nternationalizing. The advantage of international trade is that a companys market is expanded much and growth prospects are greatly raised. Other advantages include minimizing seasonal slumps, reducing idle capacity, acquire knowledgeable about products not sold in object glass markets, technology used in other countries, and learning about other cultures (Johnson, Lenartowicz, Apud, 2006). ahead going to a foreign market, it is essential to take on the unique culture of the potential consumers. Concepts of how the product is used, psychographics, demographics, and political norms as well as sub judice normally differ from an entrepreneurs home country (Miller Parkhe, 2002). De Tienne Chandler (2004) suggest that entrepreneurs must hear five factors relative to the country and cultures that the business venture will inhabit. First, they must study foreign government regulations patent, import regulations, trademark laws, and copyright that affect their products. Second, the y must know political climate relationship between business and government or public attitudes and political events in a assumption country affect foreign business trans exercises. Third, they must consider root packaging, distribution system, and shipping of their export product. Fourth, they must research distribution conduct accepted trade both retail and wholesale, service charges and normal commissions, distribution agreements and laws pertain to agency. And fifth, they must study competition number of competitors in target nations and their market share, as well as their price, place, product and promotion. Additionally, they must recall market size of their product stability, size, country by country, and know what nations are markets expanding, opening, maturing, or declining (De Tienne Chandler, 2004). Eventually, entrepreneurs must understand culture of their products. Small businesses can study international cultures by business travel, participating in training prog rams, interlingual rendition the current literature, and undertaking formal educational programs. Small business, who wants to sell product on a worldwide basis must realize different standardization in each country. In some cases, goods must be adapted for different local markets if it is to be accepted and consumer goods always require much more adaptation (Johanson Vahlne, 2009).One issue related to international opportunity is why individuals in home countries are not the ones that take action on these opportunities, which would seem logical, as they are better positioned to notice. This head teacher is especially important because research indicates that local firms usually have high levels of performance than do foreign firms (Miller Parkhe, 2002). While the matter of liability of foreignness is present in some cases, this relates to firms competing in the alike industry. Thus, when locals begin to come after the foreign firm, they may in fact end up with high levels o f performance, because of factors such as lower lawsuit awards (Mezias, 2002). However, national average levels of entrepreneurship to uncertainty, opportunity, and cognition uncertainty avoidance are not identical across countries (Hofstede, 2001). This suggests that although it is executable that both a local and foreigner notice a specific opportunity at the same time, the local may not act for both the fear of failure and stigma attached to that failure in certain cultures (Lee, Peng, Barney, 2007). Thus, the potential entrepreneur must also be willing to endure the uncertainty associated with acting on these opportunities.To gain insight into effective professional task performance across cultures, an understanding of effective conference and psychological adaptation has to be complemented by an exploration of the effect of culture on task process. Over the last few years studies on cross pagan competencies in different professional fields have started to emerge.Examining t he relationship between national culture and entrepreneurship is an important emerging open(a) matter in international entrepreneurship (Hayton, George, Zahra, 2002). The sociological viewpoint on entrepreneurship proposes that entrepreneurs are intertwined in a social framework and their cognitive process and behaviors are shaped by the interactions between the environment and entrepreneur (Zahr, Korri, Yu, 2005). There is also evidence of the impact of national heathenish values on the characteristics and conduct of individual entrepreneurs (Mitchell et al., 2002). Mitchell et al. (2002) confirmed that entrepreneurs share a set of cultural values, careless(predicate) of their national origin or cultural background. However, it appears that whilst some core values are shared across different countries and cultures, some of the behaviours of individual entrepreneurs excogitate the value system of their respected national culture.With regards to adaptation in international ent repreneurship, entering into a foreign environment is not a conversion for the business venture alone. The actors, international entrepreneurs, involved are also plunging into same the foreign environment (Hofstede, 2001). Entering a new culture manner commencing to share a pattern of thinking, feeling, reacting, and problem-solving (Saee, 1999). Cross-cultural psychology argues that unfamiliar cultural territory negatively affects an individuals affective, both the sense making and cognitive chemical mechanisms, and undermines the correctness and effectiveness of their behavioural responses (Maznevski Lane, 2004). This happens when individuals are unable to accurately perceive and make up the alien cultural environment, nor explain or predict the behaviour of people with different cultural backgrounds (Maznevski Lane, 2004). Evidence suggests that exposure to a foreign cultural environment can cause culture shock, a psychological condition which adversely affects psychologica l and affective states (Johnson et al., 2006). Saee (1999) contends that opportunity identification competencies fortifyed in an entrepreneurs home cultural environment may not be able to perceive a high level of entrepreneurial self-efficacy about playing the task of identifying opportunities across borders and cultures.Cross-cultural studies have explored the challenges that a foreign cultural environment poses to human behaviour, cognition, and professional performance. Human behaviour is considered the coping mechanism that individuals consequently develop. Some researchers suggest that building this coping mechanism, in individuals, amounts to create a global mindset or cultural intelligence (Maznevski Lane, 2004 earlyish Mosakowski, 2004). According to Maznevski and Lane (2004, p. 172), a global mindset is the ability to develop and interpret criteria for personal and business performance that are independent from the assumptions of a single country, culture, or context then to adequately implement those in different countries, cultures, and contexts. Cultural intelligence is seen as the ability to interpret the foreigners behaviour the way the foreigners countryman would (Earley Mosakowsi, 2004). Cross-cultural competence is defined as the rightness and effectiveness of ones behaviour in a foreign cultural environment (Mitchell et al., 2000). Psychological adaptation is considered the centre point of personal traits and attributes that help commence internal responses in an unfamiliar environment by managing stress (Saee, 1999). Successful adaptation to a host cultural environment requires the abilities to be mindful, to stand ambiguity, and the ability to explain and make accurate predictions of strangers behaviour (Saee, 1999). This also includes the levels of misgiving and uncertainty that affect the intercultural encounter (Saee, 1999).CONCLUSIONInternational entrepreneurs actually face greater uncertainty than is generally common in mor e established businesses, which benefit from learning and experience, because international entrepreneurship is about the implementation of a new innovative business. There is an uncertainty to entrepreneurship and the role it plays in initiating the process. Mitchell et al., (2000) observes that entrepreneurial action is a result of overcoming and paralysis that is caused by the uncertainty that precedes the entrepreneurial act. Guilln (2001) adds that the key concept that entrepreneurs create new combinations, which become the innovations that are the engine of economic growth. The entrepreneur is likely to see the opportunity as relatively certain. This is important with regards to international entrepreneurship in that exploiting an international opportunity requires more than dealing with operational certainty there is also a high level of cultural uncertainty that the entrepreneur has to endure to ensure the new ventures prosperity. The mickle of research on international en trepreneurship supports the notion that a period of domestic development is no longer necessary for many firms and that international entrepreneurship is achievable at the time the firm is established or shortly thereafter. However, affection must be taken with respect to the foreign culture a venture will go into and the psychological affects upon the entrepreneurs joining in the venture. impelling operation in the globalised economy requires that entrepreneurs develop new skills and competencies. Some of these skills and competences are needed to deal with national and regional cultural differences that are adequate intense with the continuance of globalisation (De Tienne Chandler, 2004). (Authors) believe that current and future international entrepreneurs need to develop cross-cultural competence to successfully identify business opportunities.

Underdevelopment: The Democratic Republic Of Congo

Underdevelopment The Democratic majority rule Of congou teaMost of Afri apprize countries be underdeveloped, and according to theories of modernization factors much(pre no.inal) as people, traditional agrarian structure, and illiteracy, low division of labor, poor infrastructure and communication. For development to sop up plaza there has to be change in these factors for example the rate of population product has to change, infrastructure has to be improved and so on. Countries in the existence argon ranked in hurt of development from the most to the least(prenominal) developed and each republic has its position. In that regard, Democratic democracy of congou tea ranks among the underdeveloped countries in the world. check to Theodore, (2009) The Democratic majority rule of Congo anterior known as Zaire is the biggest nation in Africa. This land is replete in invaluable natural resources, which include petroleum, cobalt, diamond, and copper. Since its independen ce in 1960, the bucolic knows non what true democracy is. It has been faced with prolonged civil and genial strife. This has led to policy-making, scotch, and complaisant in perceptual constancy each oer the region, making this country to remain underdeveloped despite its wealth in natural resources. mine and exporting of diamond, copper, cobalt and early(a) resources have greatly contri scarceed to internal conflicts.According to Hope (2004) civil war st blinded as early as after(prenominal) the independence withal, the United Nations intervened on a peace of mindkeeping mission. The country run acrossd thirty-six historic dot of conflict from 1964 to 1997 when Mo dearu Sese Sekou was overthrown from presidency by the present chairwoman Kabila forces. Though the neighboring countries came, in to support restores peace in the country but this has non been a success as these countries also array interests in getting a sh atomic number 18 of the wealth got from mi ning of these resources. The peace deal business firmed in 1999 by the concerned parties did not finish the civil war (Udombana, 2000).Political situation of the country has been a get contribution to the countries underdevelopment. Countries that are developed or maturation normally are acceptable democracies. The rule of the people by the people, political stability is in truth critical in providing room for change in the factors that ca manipulation underdevelopment. turnaround to democratic rule, the country experienced seen a long dictatorial government during the era of Mobutu Sese Seko. Underdevelopment was fuelled by the fact that business office was concentrated to the president. The government institutions were stifle and their role was to rubber stamp orders from above. Compromising the role hunted by institutions is a major hindrance to the path of development. The dictatorial regime controlled all the corporations and every aspect of the administration. This contributed to the countries underdevelopment in that decisions were centralized and in a straighten out down approach. Since the country was had i party, the dictator took advantage of his power to hurl sure that moreover those who were in support and loyal to the party experience CEOs, directors and union induceers (Lubeck, 1992). This led to mismanagement of public institutions and much steal at the disbursement of poor citizens widening the gap between the bounteous and the poor.When president Kabila was elected m both thought that the country was on the channel to democracy. However, the regime maintained the status quo in that the president had legislative. Executive and forces powers vested in him. This kind of a government structure does not pretend full support of development beca practice the executive is not accountable for every omission or commission in whatsoever act regarding the country. after(prenominal) the assignation of Kabila in 2001, his son Kabi la took over with the objective of developing the country. The passageway constitution has greatly contributed in determining the structure and organization of the countrys institutions carve up put them spikelet on development track. The constitution has also caused degeneracy of powers between the central and provinces governments.From the economical place, the Democratic Republic of Congo is economically underdeveloped compared to other countries in Africa and all over the world. Democratic Republic Congo is very rich in valuable minerals and favorable climate that stinkpot spur economic growth to great height however, the country is palliate underdeveloped mainly due to the political instability of the country. stinting development is what causes an increase in the living standards of a countrys population. In Congo the citizens, live in poor conditions despite the presence of mining firms in the country the citizens earn very little wages, which trans in the altoge thers into poor quality of t hotshot (Mbaku, 2004).Though there has been some(prenominal) economic development plans cut back as early as 1982 the expenditure called for in the development of infrastructure, agriculture, forestry, and light persistence is never reached due to economic difficulties. ace main challenge to economic development in the country is the overdependence on petroleum at the expense of other industries. The country has not succeeded in gain grounding those economic activities that do not mainly rely on imports. Despite the favorable climate welkin such as agriculture have been neglected. Thus, the in be earned in exportation of minerals is used to import food supplies.Overreliance on transnational aid is a major bottleneck to economic development in the country (Porter, Craig 2004). Countries such as China, Soviet Union, and France allowd signifi good dealt aid with France being the devolveing donor. Although international aid is normally given to s pur economic development, countries that relies much on foreign aid face economic challenges when the donors withdraw or distribute to give what such countries expected. The political instability in the country has extend to umteen donors to withdraw their pledges put strain on the Congos deliverance, which is a combination of industrial sector relying on petroleum mining, traditional agriculture and services.Congos economy has however, made substantial progress mainly because of the re traffic patterns. The country has taken measures to liberalise the economy through investment, hydrocarbons, and tax reforms. However, not all these reforms have succeeded beneficial round are yet to be felt by neither the h sensationy oil citizens on the ground nor the investors. Plans to privatize main parastatals the transportation and telecommunication monopolies, was a good one that would have helped improve unreliable and dilapidated infrastructure. Nevertheless, the plans were never i mplemented and the state of telecommunication and infrastructure is put away very poor. To carry out economic development the country admits to make serious moves towards economic stabilization through restructuring out-of-door debt and public finances improvement.In the late 1990, the country was spur on track in legal injury of economic development with major economic reforms. However, this later hindered by several external and internal factors that followed. For example, in 1998 the oil prices slumped put much strain on the countrys budget deficit. Armed conflict broke out in the corresponding year straining the economic prospects, which chiefly depend on political stability (Booth, 1985). The country has to make the investment climate remains admonishing making m any investors to shy away from investing in the country. Investors curiously foreign investors have in many countries contributed to spur the economic growth of these countries.Slater (1993) argues that develo pment from the social linear perspective refers to qualitative changes in the order structure and functioning, in a bid to achieve the objectives better. To attain social development there has to be increased sensibleness that impart lead to better organizations. In the Democratic Republic of Congo from the social perspective is poorly developed. The structure and functioning of the alliance is poor there is need to create awareness among the Congolese to help create better organizations. This lead help improve their living standards, health, education and other quality conduct measures. Education levels and access to facilities such as hospitals in the country is still very poor (Brohman, 1996). Most of the citizens are either illiterate or save have basic education. The political instability has feeded a signifi piece of tailt role in hindering human development this advance deters social development.Political instability of the country has caused major social injustices social development takes place in societies that have democratic rule and emancipation. This freedom promotes creativity and invention for the betterment of a society. The social welfare in the country has for a long time been compromised, the economic gains only service a few who are in power. Women have over the years fallen victims of social injustices from rape especially during conflicts to discrimination in the caper controlet. The country has failed to provide social services such as credentials and health care to its population. Social services are not as distributed in the country (Harrison, 2005).ConclusionIt is no doubt that The Democratic Republic of Congo is an underdeveloped country despite its wealth in valuable resources. Political instability has been the main challenge to a successful economic development strategy. The country has poor transportation ne cardinalrks, which is still a major challenge to economic development. The country needs major reforms be on the development track. To achieve overall development the country mustiness not overlook any of the development perspectives (Simon, 2003). The political development is crucial for any development or growth to take place. It is through political stability and democratic rule that lead to the development of other sectors such as economic, social and technological.Fences by solemn Wilson Analysis of troy weightFences by exalted Wilson Analysis of troyUnintentional EffectAround the early 1900s, racism was prominent and wasnt sugarcoated at all. Afri green goddess Ameri substructurenisters had to deal with several obstacles around this period because of the discrimination in certain things they wanted to partake in. These actions effected many African Americans because it forced around of them to look at the world with abhorrence and it restrict many of their opportunities in life. racialism is sad reality in our nation that affects all types of people and it continues to persuade and alter lives. People use racism as a salmagundi of way to detect the differences with their peers and plait bias towards a group of people. Some people go the redundant mile in insulting, attacking or mentally attacking others because of racial ideals they believe in. In the play Fences by August Wilson, troys dreams of fair a pro baseball player got ripped away because of his racial appearance. This single experience has slowly made him look at life differently. He tardily gets fooled by his inner thoughts because of the past racial discrimination he endured and believes his self-created illusions. Racism has played an important role in troy weights life which is evident found on the certain decisions he has made in his life. Because of these experiences in his life, troys wise decisions in the play causes tensions and conflicts with his family.One of the rash decisions troy does in the play is when he prevents his son from play football. Based on the college scholarship, Cory had a vivid future in playing football but Troy solely neglects that and says that Cory will not get involved in no sports. non after what they did to me in the sports (Wilson 1053). Because of the past discrimination Troy faced in his life, Troy also as contributeed that Cory wouldnt get a fair shake either because of his skin color. Troy argued that because of his skin color, he was prevented from playing in the Major Leagues. Later in the story, he tells the coach that Cory isnt allowed to play football and he told the recruiter to leave and to never come back. Troy doesnt see that by pulling Cory away from achieving his dream at being a football player, he is creating tension and he is subconsciously not allowing Cory to have a better life than him. If Cory had got the opportunity and played football in college, he would have been able to get a college education while playing the sport he loves. Troy doesnt see that however because Troy is still effected f rom the denial he got when he was trying to play professional baseball. Although he cares about Cory and he thinks by preventing him from playing football is only for his own good, that decision wasnt wise because he is basically doing what society did to him which is preventing him from achieving his dreams.Troy aspires to be fighter and a survivor in life and from rises perspective that shows through his son Cory. Troys true intentions are to show his son that zippo comes tardily. The ultimate flaw however is that Troy looks at the world in his perspective. Troy is trying to prevent Cory from going through the equal bitter experiences as him but he is unintentional recreating the equal obstacles which are preventing Cory from becoming the full potential of himself. Throughout the play, Troy is imposing his will on Cory and he is basically preventing him from exploring the world for himself. This causes Cory to have conflicts with his dadaism because they dont agree complete ly. In the article Baseball as History and Myth in August Wilsons Fences by Susan Koprince, Susan says that Troys front yard is literally turned into a athletic theatre during his confrontations with his younger son Cory (Koprince 354). With each argument and conflict, Cory slowly characteristics change in the story. In the beginning of the story, he was a cheerful kid hopeful for his future. However because of the denial of pursing football and the unending back and forth between him and Tory, he becomes very bitter just akin his father. This isnt a good thing because once Cory picks up his father characteristics, it forces him to see the world in a single perspective and thats not his full potential but an intentional effect from Troys reactionary decision.Like stated ahead Troy isnt trying to harm his family at all. Troy went through a lot in his past and he doesnt want his family to go through that same experience he went through. He felt it was his job to be a father and p rotect his family from his past mistakes. Troy went to jail for fifth teen years for murder. A man he tried to rob pulled a gun on him so in retaliation he stabbed him. Experiences analogous this Troy doesnt want any of his sons to go down that path. Lyons is Troys son from a old alliance. While Troy was in prison, Lyons didnt have a dad growing up and he didnt really have guidance in the world. Lyons doesnt seem particularly bitter about any of this. He just seems to accept things as they come. Lyons passion is becoming a musician. Troy however doesnt see that as a serious thing. He quite sees that as a dangerous path. Troy says You living the fast lifewanna be a musicianrunning around in them clubs and things (Wilson 1041). Although Troy sounded boisterous there, this was probably the most honest and sincere thing he told Lyons. Troy views Lyons dream as a risk because hes not getting any income from this profession. Every time Troy gets paid, Lyon appears asking for a hando ut. This offends Troy because he never had handouts coming up. From the experiences of growing up in a uncontaminating society, he believes that African Americans have to add for everything that they want. From the article, Susan writes that Instead of limitless opportunity, Troy has come to know racial discrimination and poverty (353). He wants Lyons to take on a safer route which is working somewhere with a structure instead than the freelance world of music. He doesnt want Lyons to get lost in that music world and result into doing the things he used to do that caused him to go to jail.Lyons doesnt see the world same Troy. Lyons isnt bitter at the world wish substantially Troy and he expresses himself through music. Lyons has the same mindset as Cory which is that they can do something special for their lives in this society full of opportunities. Troy believes that Lyons isnt aware on the harsh treatment African Americans go through and it shows clearly when his son asks him for ten dollars. This conflict shows how Troy distance himself away from Lyons. Troy doesnt feel comfortable giving out ten dollars because he feels like hes being taken advantage of. This goes back to the self-created illusions Troy creates because of the past experiences he dealt with especially with whites. Troy basically creates a breas dickensrk to Lyons because of this fear. Lyons doesnt want to take advantage of Troy but he wants a closer relationship with father. This isnt possible because Troy doesnt support Lyons career and he doesnt give Lyons the same attention he gives Cory. Sadly, Troy doesnt see that Lyons wants more attention instead he looks at Lyons as someone who is trying to take his hard-owned money.Troy later in the play makes another(prenominal) decision that shifts the tone of play where he commits an affair with Alberta. Troy feels trapped in a sexual union where he cant display his true self. He doesnt blame rosiness but from this scene he looks very unapologetic. He felt like with all the responsibilities of being a father and provider for his family, he take a way to escape all that. This is his reasoning for committing this fatal decision. Troys egotistical act shows that he wanted to break a boundary hes been limited too. Hes been limited from baseball, the status hes been in at work and his married couple. Rose was suppress hearing that the man she gave her life and identity to committed an affair with another woman. It bothered her when he state he needed an outlet from his priorities. She said Dont you think I ever wanted other things? Dont you think I had dreams and hopes? What about my life (Wilson 1071)? She committed herself to the wedlock and to repay her, he betrays her by having a baby with another woman. Because of this conflict, Troy and Roses marriage is severely jeopardized. Rose is still the mother of his children but she doesnt recognize herself as a wife to Troy. She starts to build her own character istics and beliefs after this conflict. Rose felt like she pointless her years with Troy so she began to build a life after- naturalize(prenominal) of the house she felt trapped in. During the last scene of the play, she tells Cory why the marriage went down the way it did. Rose recognized that she gave up her free will for love. She wanted to have children and be at one with Troy. She accepted that this was her identity. just because of this affair, it woke her up and made her a diverse character because she became independent alternatively than dependent. Troys decisions distanced himself away from his family as he lost his dominance in the household.Troy Maxson went through a lot in his life. Troy has a anomalous perspective on the world. He has a strict demeanor because of how society viewed African Americans back in the 1950s. Troy cares a lot about his family even if he doesnt show it. Throughout his life, Racism has been a barrier for him. He was once young and he chased his own dreams but because of his skin color, several ideals got in his way. Racism caused a lot of Troys acrimony towards life. He went to jail and ultimately makes sure he doesnt fall back there. All of his decisions were very influenced by past experiences from racism. Whether it be denying Corys dreams, neglecting Lyons and breaking the barriers of his marriage with Rose. All of these decisions caused tensions around the family and ultimately fenced his family away from him.Works CitedKoprince, Susan. Baseball as History and Myth in August Wilsons Fences.. AfricanAmerican Review, vol. 40, no. 2, Summer2006, pp. 349-358. EBSCOhost.Wilson, August. Fences Literature A Portable Anthology. 4th ed. BostonBedford/St.Martins, 2016. 1030-1088. Print.What Is Algebra?What Is Algebra?Algebra is a sort out of mathematicsematics, as we know maths is queen of science, it plays vital role of developing and flourishing technology, we use all scopes in past and newly, the algebra is not stupe ndous the maths.Algebra is one of the main areas of pure mathematics that uses mathematical parameters such as term, comparabilitys, or lookings to relate relationships between objects that change over time.Here is a arguing of names who have contributed to the specific field of algebra.Algebra is seen by much arithmetical with letters and a long historical precedent the text records, stretching back of the 14th century. As such it deepens upon experience and facility with arithmetic calculations. It provides disciple with skill to carry out algebraic manipulations .many of the which parallel arithmetic computation.At the very least ,school algebra is a collection of mathematical practices and procedure to be internalised and integrated into necessitateers functioning ,at the very most in its tradition form its afford glimpse of a powerful tool for modelling and consequently re pull in problems, (page 559 jifa cai) Word AlgebraThe word algebra is a shortened misspelled t ransliteration of an Arabic titleal-jebr wal-muqabalah (circa 825) by the Persian mathematician known as al-Khwarizmi words, p. 21. Theal-jebrpart mode reunion of broken parts, the bet on partal-muqabalahtranslates as to place in front of, to balance, to oppose, to set equal. Together they discern symbolismism manipulations common in algebra combining like terms, moving a term to the other side of an comparability, etc.In its English usage, in the 14thcentury,algebermeant bone-setting, close to its original meaning. By the 16thcentury, the formalgebraappeared in its mathematical meaning. Robert Recorde (c. 1510-1558), the inventor of the symbol= of equality, was the stolon to use the term in this sense. He, however, still spelled it asalgeber. The misspellers proved to be more numerous, and the current spellingalgebratook radixs.Thus the original meaning ofalgebrarefers to what we to twenty-four hours callelementary algebrawhich is largely occupied with solving simple equ alitys. More generally, the termalgebraencompasses nowa daylights many other fields of mathematics geometric algebra, abstract algebra, Boolean algebra,-algebra,to name a few.Algebra is an ancient and one of the most basicbranch ofmathematics, invented by Muhammad Musa Al-Khwarizmi, and evolve over the centuries. The name algebra is itself of Arabic origin. It comes from the Arabic word al-jebr.1 http//www.cut-the-knot.org/WhatIs/WhatIsAlgebra.shtmlThe English invented the world (Kelly 1821-1895) algebra of matrices and the research (Paul 1815-1864) may have emerged since 1854 and from this research Boolean algebra, also appeared in 1881 forms of art to illustrate the Boolean algebra, (availablhttp//www.jeddmath.com/vb/showthread.php?t=5330/15/052011).History of algebraIn history, we have some following mathematicians who have great contributions in development of algebra.Cuthbert TunstallCuthbert Tunstall (1474 -1559) was natural in Hackforth, Yorkshire, England and died in Lamb eth, London, England.He was a significant royal advisor, diplomat, and administrator, and he gained deuce degrees with great proficiency in Greek, Latin, and mathematics.In 1522, he wrote his primary printed work that was devoted to mathematics, and this arithmetic book De arte supputandi libri quattuorwas based on Paciolis Suma.Robert RecordeRobert Recorde (1510-1558) was natural(p) in Tenby, Wales and died in London, England.He was a Welsh mathematician and physician and in 1557, he introduced the equals sign (=).In 1540, Recorde print the commencement of all English book of algebra The Grounde of Artes.In 1557, he publish another book The Whetstone of Witte in which the equals sign was introduced.John WidmanJohn Widman (1462-1498) was born in Eger, Bohemia, currently called Czech Republic and died in Leipzig, Germany.He was a German mathematician who first introduced + and signs in his arithmetic book Behende und hupsche Rechnung auf Allen kauffmanschafft.Thomas HarriotT homas Harriot (1560 -1621) was born in Oxford, London and died in London England.He was an astronomer and mathematician, and founder of the English school of algebra.William OughtredWilliam Oughtred (1575-1660) was born in Eton, Buckinghamshire, England and died in Albury, Surrey, England.He was one of the worlds great and formally proficient mathematicians.Oughtred, in his book Clavis Mathematicae included Hindu-Arabic notation, decimal figures and experimented on many new symbols such as -,, , and John PellJohn Pell (1611-1685) was born in Southwick, Sussex, England, and died in Westminster, London, England.Pells work was mostly based on human action theory and algebra.Pell published many books on mathematics such as Idea of Mathematicsin 1638 and the twain page A Refutation of Longomontanuss Pretended Quadrature of the Circle in 1644. rarified John WallisJohn Wallis (1616-1703) was born in Ashford, Kent, England and died in Oxford, England.In 1656, Wallis published his most f amous book Arithmetica Infinitorum in which he introduced the formula /2 = (2.2.4.4.6.6.8.8.10)/ (1.3.3.5.5.7.7.9.9).In another of his works, Treatise on Algebra, Wallis gives a wealth of information on algebra.John HerschelJohn Frederick William Herschel (1792-1871) was born in Slough, England and died in Kent, England.He was a great astronomer who discovered Uranus.In 1822, he published his first work on astronomy, a small work to calculate the eclipses of the moon.In 1824, he published his first major work on trope stars in the proceedings of the Royal Society.Charles BabbageCharles Babbage (1791 -1871) was born in London, England and died in London, England.In 1821, Babbage made the Difference engine to compile tables of mathematics.In 1856, he invented uninflected Engine, which is a general symbol manipulator and similar to todays computers.Sir Isaac nitrogenSir Isaac Newton (1643-1727) was born in Lincolnshire, England and died in London, England.He was a great physicist, mathematician, and one of the greatest scientific intellects of all time.In 1672, he published his first work on light and color in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society.In 1704, Newtons works on pure mathematics was published and in 1707, his Cambridge lectures from 1673 to 1683 were published. ( http//www.barcodesinc.com/articles/algebra-history.htm)How is Algebra used in daily life?Every day in our life and all over the world we use Algebra many places as well as finances, engineering, schools, and universities we cant do most scopes without maths.( It is in truth quite common for an average person to perform simple Algebra without realizing it. For example, if you go to the grocery store and have ten dollars to spend on deuce dollar candy bars. This gives us the equation 2x = 10 where x is the public figure of candy bars you can buy. Many people dont realize that this sort of calculation is Algebra they just do it). (http//wiki.answers.com and http//wiki.answers.c om)Other DefinitionsAlgebra is the parts of mathematics where add up and letters are used like A B or X and Y, or other symbols are used to represent apart(p) or varying occur. For examples inA +5 = 9, A is unknown, but we can acquit by subtracting 5 to both sides of the equal sign (=), like this A+5 = 9 A+ 5 5 = 9 5 A +0 = 4 A = 43b+12=15 subtract both sides 12 3b+12-12=15-123b=3 divide both sides 3 to get the value of b which is 1 and so on5x/5x=1 if you substitute x any follow not zero the equation will be true (Algebra is branch of mathematics that substitutes letters for turn of eventss. An algebraic equation represents a photographic plate, what is done on one side of the scale with a get is also done to the other side of the scale. The bets are the constants. Algebra can include real issuances, complex telephone amount, matrices, vectors etc. base from Arithmetic to Algebra will look something like this Arithmetic 3 + 4 = 3 + 4 in Algebra it would look like x + y = y + )artical http//math.about.com/cs/algebra/g/algebradef.htm Terminology used in algebra to make algebra easy or any other branches of maths, we must understand well all basic sign in all operations and use it right way, these signs are , subtractions ,division, addition ,multiplication. variable is also called an unknown and can be represented by letters from the alphabet letters. Operations in algebra are the same as in arithmetic addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. An side is a group of numbers and variables, along with operations. An equation is the equality of dickens expressions. (Polynomials are often written in descending order, in which the terms with the largest powers are written first (like 92- 3x + 6). If they are written with the smallest terms appear first, this is ascending order (like 6 3x + 92).equation- An equation is a mathematical statement that contains an equal sign, like ax + b = c.exponent- An exponent is a power that a number is raised to. For example, in 23, the exponent is 3.expression- An algebraic expression consists of one or more variables, constants, and operations, like 3x-4. Each part of an expression that is added or subtracted is called atermFor example, the expression 42-2x+7 has three terms.factor- The factor of a number is a number that divides that number exactly. For example, the factors of 6 are 1, 2, 3 and 6.formula- A formula shows a mathematical relationship between expressions.fraction- A fraction is a part of a all, like a half(a), a third, a quarter, etc. For example, half of an apple is a fraction of an apple. The top number in a fraction is called the numerator the bottom number in a fraction is called the denominator. contrast- An inequality is a mathematical expression that contains an inequality symbol. The inequality symbols are greater than (21) less than or equal to greater than or equal to not equal to (12).integer- The integers are the numbers , -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, . opposition (addition)- The opposite property of addition states that for every number a, a + (-a) = 0 (zero).inverse (multiplication)- The inverse property of multiplication states that for every non-zero number a, a multiplication (1/a) = 1.matrix-nth-operation- An operation is a rule for taking one or two numbers as inputs and producing a number as an output. Some arithmetic operations are multiplication, division, addition, and subtraction.polynomial- A polynomial is a sum or difference of terms each term is* a constant (for example, 5)* a constant generation a variable (for example, 3x)* a constant times the variable to a positive integer power (for example, 22)* a constant times the product of variables to positive integer powers (for example, 2x3y).monomial is a polynomial with only one term. A binomial is a polynomial that has two terms. A trinomial is a polynomial with three terms. choice number- A prime number is a positive number that has exactly two factors, 1 and itself. Alternatively, you can think of a prime number as a number greater than one that is not the product of smaller numbers. For example, 13 is a prime number because it can only be divided evenly by 1 and 13. For another example, 14 is not a prime number because it can be divided evenly by 1, 2, 7, and 14. The number one is not a prime number because it has only one factor, 1 itself.quadratic equation- A quadratic equation is an equation that has a second-degree term and no higher terms. A second-degree term is a variable raised to the second power, like x2, or the product of exactly two variables, like x and y.When you graph a quadratic equation in one variable, like y = ax2+ bx + c, you get a parabola, and the tooth answer to the quadratic equation represent the points where the parabola crosses the x-axis. quadratic formula- The quadratic formula is a formula that gives you a solution to the quadratic equation ax2+ bx + c = 0. The quadratic formula is obtained by solving th e general quadratic equation.radical- A radical is a symbol that is used to indicate the square root or nthroot of a number.root- An nthroot of a number is a number that, when multiplied by itself n times, results in that number. For example, the number 4 is a square root of 16 because 4 x 4 equals 16. The number 2 is a cube root of 8 because 2 x 2 x 2 equals 8. elaborate- When you top an equation or a problem, you find solutions for it. square root- The square root of a number n are the numbers s such that s2=n. For example, the square root of 4 are 2 and -2 the square root of 9 are 3 and -3.symbol- A symbol is a mark or sign that stands for something else. For example, the symbolmeansdivide.system of equations- A system of equations is two or more independent equations that are solved together. For example, the system of equations x + y = 3 and x y = 1 has a solution of x=2 and y=1.terms- In an expression or equation, terms are numbers, variables, or numbers with variables. For example, the expression 3x has one term, the expression 42+ 7 has two terms.variable- A variable is an unknown or procurator in an algebraic expression. For example, in the expression 2x+y, x and y are variables.+,-(www.EnchantedLearning.com)Learn algebra Symbolizes the number in the account to a group that contains that number of things, for example, No. 5, al slipway stands for a set containing 5 things.In algebra, the symbols may be replaced by numbers, but it is possible to solve the number one or more replace one icon.To learn algebra, we must first learn how to use symbols replace the numbers.And then how to create a constraint for strings of numbers. Groups and variables.There is a relationship between the symbols in algebra and groups of numbers.It is certain that each of us has some knowledge of groups of objects, such as collections of books, collections of postage stamps, and groups of dishes.And groups of numbers are not different for these groups a lot.One way to desc ribe sets of numbers in algebra is that we are using one of the alphabet, such as the name of her p.. then(prenominal) half of the numbers of this group Bhzaretha brackets of the form .For example, can be expressed set of numbers from 1 to 9 as follows A = 1, 2.3, 4, 5.6, 7, 8.9. The group of comic numbers under 20 are B = 1.3, 5, 7.9, 11, 13.15, 17, 19. These examples exhibit the models of the groups used in algebra. Suppose that the age of four persons were respectively 12, 15.20, 24. Then can be written in this age group numbers. A = 12.15, 20, 24. How is the age of each of them after three years? One way to answer this question is that we write 12 +3.15 +3.20 +3 and 24 + 3.We note that the number 3 is repeated in each of the formulas four.In algebra we can express all previous versions form a single assign is m + 3 where m is any number of numbers of a group.That is, it can replace any of the numbers 12, 15, 20 or 24 m are indicated.Is called the symbol m variable, called t he group a field of this variable, but No. 3 in the formula m+3 is called hard because its value is always one.Known variable in algebra as a symbol can be compensable for the number of one or more belongs to a group. We can replace any names lead to correct depicts or authorships the wrong variable.For exampleHungary is bordered by the republic of the scandalous Sea Report of the wrong, as in fact can not be like this report is correct only if revenged by the variable r one of the States Bulgaria or Romania, or Tur notice.The report shall be Turkey is a country bordered by the Black Sea for example, the right one called the stipend that makes the report and called the right roots group consisting of all roots with a solution.The solution set is the previous example. Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey.And in reparation for not use the names to compensate for variables, but we use the numbers. Equations known as the camel sports is equal to reflect the two formats. Phrase Q +7 = 12 F or example, an easy equation mean the sum of the number 7 with the number equal to 12 To solve this equation, we can do to compensate for different numbers of Q until we get a report of the equation makes the right one.If we substitute for x the equation becomes number louvre report is correct, and if we substitute for x any number of other reports, the equation becomes wrong.So to solve this equation set is 5. This group contains only one root. It is possible that the equation more than one root X + 18 = 9 o. No. 2 highest first variable x means that the number of representative variable Q is the number of box, that number multiplied by itself once.See box.In this equation, we can make up for X number 3 3 - 3 + 18 = 9 - 3 9 + 18 = 27 27 = 27 We can also compensate for X number 66 - 6 + 18 = 9 - 6 36 + 18 = 54 54 = 54 Any other compensation for making the equation Q report wrong.Then 3 and 6 are the root of the equation.Thus, the solution set is 3.6. There are also equations ha ving no roots X = + 3 If we substitute for x any number, this equation becomes a false report, and a solution is called the group of free and symbolized by the symbol . and some of the equations, an infinite number (for high standards) from the roots. (X + 1) = x + 2 x +1 In this equation if we substitute for x any number we get the right report, the Group resolved to contain all the numbers http//nabad-alkloop.com/vb/showthread.php?t=38762What is best way to learn and teach algebra?Step-by-step equations solving is the key of teaching and culture. To find fully worked-out answers and learn how to solve math problems, one step at a time. Studying worked-out solutions is a turn up method acting to help you retain information. Dont just look for the answer in the back of the bookThere are five laws basic principles of math governing operations multiplication addition subtract and expressing the variables and can be compensated for any numberAlgebra is anessential subject. Its the gateway to mathematics. Its used extensively in the sciences. And its an important skill in many careers. Many people think, it is a nightmare and causes more stress, homework tears and plain confusion than any other subject on the program but that is not true.Theimportance of thought equation Connotation and denotation on extension of a thought two opposite yet complementary aspects is clarified the extension is be vice versa understanding the concept equation includes its connotation and denotations.This session of discovered lessons will show the essential nature or the equation is merge by designing problem variation putting emphasis on clarifying the connotation and differentiation the boundary of the set of object in the extension. (Page 559 Jifa cai)Whats the best formula for teaching algebra? Immersing students in their course work, or succour them into learning the new skills or does a combination of the two techniques adds up to the best strategy? Researchers at the Centre for Social Organization of Schools at Johns Hopkins are aiming to find out through a federally funded study that will span 18 schools in five states this fall.The study, now in its second year of data collection, will evaluate two ways to teach algebra to ninth-graders, determining if one approach is more effective in increasing mathematics skills and performance or whether the two approaches are every bit effective. Participating schools in North Carolina, Florida, Ohio, Utah and Virginia will be arbitrarily assigned to one of two strategies for the 2009-2010 school year to be eligible, students must not have previously taken Algebra I. Twenty-eight high schools were examine during the 2008-2009 school year.One strategy, called Stretch Algebra, is a yearlong course in Algebra 1 with students attending classes of 70 to 90 minutes a day for two semesters. This approach gives students a double dose of algebra, with time to work on fundamental mathematics skills as needed.The second strategy is a sequence of two courses, also taught in extended class periods. During the first semester, students take a course called Transition to Advanced Mathematics, followed by the districts Algebra I course in the second semester. The first-semester course was developed by researchers and curriculum writers at Johns Hopkins to fill gaps in fundamental skills, develop mathematics reasoning and build students confidence in their abilities.The question is, Is it better for kids to get into algebra and do algebra, or to give kids the extra time so the teacher can concentrate more on concepts started in middle schools? said compassion Curran Neild, a research scientist at Johns Hopkins and one of the studys principal investigators.Teachers using both strategies will receive professional development. Mathematics coaches will provide periodic support to those who are teaching the two-course approach the study will provide teacher guides and hands-on materials for students in Transition to Advanced Mathematics. Johns Hopkins researchers will be collecting data throughout the school year. Findings are expected during the 2010-2011 school year. http//gazette.jhu.edu/2009/08/17/calculating-the-best-way-for-teaching-algebra/Learn Algebra, the easy wayThe key to learn and understand Mathematics is to practice more and more and Algebra is no exception. Understanding the concepts is very vital. There are several techniques that can be followed to learn Algebra the easy way. Learning algebra from the textbook can be boring. Though textbooks are needful it doesnt always address the need for a conceptual approach. There are certain techniques that can be used to learn algebra the fun and easy way. Listed below are some of the techniques that can be used. Do some online research and you will be surprised to find a whole bunch of websites that offer a variety of fun learning methods which makes learning algebra a pleasant experience and not a nightmare. But the key is to take your time in doing a thorough research before you choose the method that is best for you, or you can do a combination of different methods if you are a person who looks for variety to boost your interest.1. ANIMATED ALGEBRA You can learn the basic principles of algebra through this method. Animation method teaches the students the concepts by helping them integrate both teaching methods. When the lessons are alive you actually learn more 2. ALGEBRA QUIZZES You can use softwares and learn at your own pace best of all you dont need a instill to use it. What you really need is something that can help you with your own homework, not problems it already has programmed into it that barely look like what your teacher or professor was trying to explain. You can enter in your own algebra problems, and it works with you to solve them faster make them easier to understand.3. INTERACTIVE ALGEBRA There are several synergetic Algebra plugins that allows the user toexploreA lgebra by changing variables and see what happens. This promotes an understanding of how you arrive at answers. There are websites that provide online algebra help and worksheets. They also provide synergetic onlinegamesand practice problems and provide the algebra help needed.It is difficult to recommend better methods for perusing and for learning because the best methods vary from person to person. Instead, I have provided several ideas which can be the foundation to a good study program. If you just remember all the rules and procedures without truly understanding the concepts, you will have problem learning algebra. (http//www.ehow.com/how_4452787_learn-algebra-easy-way.html)