Unit 12 Health and Social Care Essay Example

Unit 12 Health and Social Care Paper What is Public Health? Key Aspects of Public Health Practice Strategy How is this done? Examples (at least 2) Monitoring the health status of the population Following changes in the health of the population and notifying people to possible problems. The rising levels of obesity within the population. Identifying the health needs of the population Once trends and patterns are recognised, the likelihood of implications for services can be identified. In relation to obesity, this can mean measuring the likelihood of higher needs for diabetes support services. Developing programmes to reduce risk and screen for disease  Trying to lower the levels of ill health by presenting new programmes that recognise people as being ‘at risk’ of a condition and engaging them in preventative programmes. For example, a doctor recognising that an individual is at risk of getting diabetes because of their obesity and referring them to weight management programme for support in losing weight. Controlling Lowering the impact of infectious While there are clear examples such as communicable disease diseases through immunisation and other control measures. measles, mumps and rubella, this may also include food hygiene measures in restaurants  and take-aways to control the spread of food poisoning. Promoting the health of the population Health-promoting activities to lower ill health in the population. We will write a custom essay sample on Unit 12 Health and Social Care specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Unit 12 Health and Social Care specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Unit 12 Health and Social Care specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer For obesity, this may include campaigns inspiring people to be more active or eat more fruit and vegetables. Planning and evaluating the provision of health and social care Measuring the provision of relevant health services and whether or not they are having sufficient impact on the problem. In the case of obesity it may include measuring whether or not: ?local services can meet the request for weight management support ?there is sufficient ‘capacity’ (i.e. service provision) to meet the increase demand for obesity-related services? the existing model of services in managing to support people to lower their weight and sustain that change. Target setting Important targets for a locality, region or country that may to disease result in reduction, improved vaccination rates, etc. A national government target is to halt the rising rates of obesity in children under the age of 11 by 2010. A relevant local target might be based on weighting and assessing reception and Years 6 children. This data could be used to track progress against the national target.

How to Use Conjunctions As Far As, Since, and Even Though

How to Use Conjunctions As Far As, Since, and Even Though How to Use Conjunctions: As Far As, Since, and Even Though We use conjunctions (e.g., and or but) to build grammatical sentences, which in turn allows us to express ourselves clearly. Every conjunction has its own meaning though, so it’s a good idea to learn a few more! In this post, we take a closer look at three conjunctions that could help in your academic writing: â€Å"as far as,† â€Å"since† and â€Å"even though.† As Far As (To the Degree That) Used as a conjunction, â€Å"as far as† means â€Å"to the degree or extent that.† It therefore qualifies statements that apply only under certain conditions. The phrases like â€Å"as far as we know,† for instance, signals that something is based on incomplete information: The experiment poses no risk as far as we know. Here, â€Å"as far as† suggests the sentence is true to the best of our understanding. However, it leaves open the possibility that it is based on imperfect knowledge. Because â€Å"as far as† is a subordinating conjunction when used like this, it always joins a dependent clause (â€Å"as far as we know†) to an independent clause (â€Å"The experiment poses no risk†). Since (Time and Justification) Also a subordinating conjunction, â€Å"since† has two distinct uses. The first is to specify that something happened after a particular point in time: Since learning to dance, I’ve felt more graceful. In this case, â€Å"since† shows that the speaker started feeling this way only after learning to dance. The second meaning is to introduce a reason or justification for something (making it a synonym for â€Å"because†): Since we are interested in how people perceive retail experiences, we have adopted a qualitative research approach. Here, the word â€Å"since† joins a clause about the reason for picking a research approach to the main clause about the approach chosen. Even Though (Despite the Fact That) The term â€Å"even though† is used to introduce contrast in a sentence, like saying â€Å"despite the fact that†: Even though he was completely deaf from around 1820, Beethoven began work on his Ninth Symphony in 1822. The difference between â€Å"even though† and â€Å"though† is simply that â€Å"even though† is more emphatic. We therefore use â€Å"even though† when introducing a particularly surprising or unexpected contrast.

Training for new sales representatives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Training for new sales representatives - Essay Example es should be learn how to target potential customers, contacting the potential customers through phone calls or impromptu visits at their homes or work places. Securing appointments is the main aim of prospecting sales. The second training objective should be communication skills. The sales people should have the knowledge on how to communicate well with customers, how to build a rapport, how to listen to customers, and how to connect with customers (U.S. Department of labor, 2014). Moreover, this involves establishing credibility, building trust, and understanding the customer’s needs. In addition, the sales people should be aware of the fact that how they present themselves will heavily influence the sale. The training program should also focus on closing the deal. Apparently, making sales is the ultimate objective of training new sales representative. The training should also cover how to overcome rejections from customers, maintaining confidence in selling the products and services even when turned down, doing follow ups on proposed appointments, negotiating strategies with the customers and determining alternative solutions that will lead to a sale. Upon completion of the training, the sales people should be ready to find customers, know how to communicate properly with customers, how to persuade a sale indirectly and be able to close the deal. The sales people should be aware of the fact that not everyone approached will be friendly and so confidence will be highly needed. The sales people should also know the performance expectations and targets in order to deliver quality performance (U.S. Department of labor, 2014). Quality performance is only achievable if a person has the determination and drive to work towards the targets set. The target-training group should possess certain skills, needs, and interest like excellent sales, negotiation skills, excellent communication skills, high levels of confidence, be a team player, possess good organizational,

Criminal Justice Scenerio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Criminal Justice Scenerio - Essay Example , the parole board must consider the vocational education, work assignment or training, institutional records, therapy and performance during temporary release programs. In addition, the board will conduct an investigation with the victims, if any, of the incidence that lead to the imprisonment of the applicant, Dawes, (2014). In my opinion, John White qualifies for consideration of parole grant. According to the case study, he has already acquired a considerable level of education as compared to the pre-imprisonment period. In this case, he will be more productive to the society than before. In addition, his brother has offered to give him a job and hence John White will be able to cope with his dairy need. I John White do hereby surrender expatriation to the united state of America and agree to faithfully abide by all laws, by-laws, regulations and federal and state governments policies. I hereby submit that I am a corrected person and I will be able to be absorbed by the society to join other persons in the nation building. In addition, I will not engage myself in any unlawful endeavors nor associate myself with persons likely to ruin my morals. I entirely understand the consequences involved should I, in any conduct, breach the abovementioned

Movie Reflection (Gran Torino) Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reflection (Gran Torino) - Movie Review Example Walt finds it so challenging to culturally interact with his ‘middle class white folks’ Asian neighbourhood friends. This article, therefore, aims at providing a review about the film’s diversity issues, and relates these issues to the modern contemporary society. Single motherhood is one of the social diversity issues presented in the film, which is unswervingly inclined to the modern society’s moral concerns. Hmong family lives next to Walt’s house. This family is composed of a grandmother, single mother and her two teenagers Thao (Bee Vang) and Sue (Ahney her) (Ebert, 2010). This is an example of the most present day’s family components. This is because single parenthood currently results from divorce cases, death of one spouse or in extreme cases of polyandry. Single motherhood just as reflected in the movie, is among the socially related diversity issues in the present day. Single parenthood in this movie has lowered the self-esteem of Hmong family members and Thao, though seems to be intelligent is shy. Anomie is also reflected in this film. This society is normless, and gang of thieves are all over. These gangs recruit people forcefully, and Thao becomes a victim of this anomie. The present day society is also a no rmless one with many criminal activities undertaken without effectively being punished as per the societal norms requires. Diversity issues can create anarchy or normlessness in the society. This is because every society aims at becoming a utopian societal system. The emerging diversity issues such as gang robbery in the present day are a drawback in relation to the norms guiding the society. Gang robbery also uses violence, which can cause death or emotional fears (Ebert, 2010). Single parenthood and divorce cases may result to psychological disorders and isolations by individuals. Most of the diversity issues in the present day pulls away an individuals’ personal experiences, their

Benthams Principle Of Utility And Moral Ethics Philosophy Essay

Benthams Principle Of Utility And Moral Ethics Philosophy Essay Can be defined as those principles on which our moral decisions are based. Ethics are the sense of right and wrong, good and evil, values and responsibility. Thus it is considered as a major branch of philosophy. It can be described as the science of human duty. These ethics are therefore the measurement by which a human being is graded as being good, bad and evil. In simple terms moral ethics are nothing but the code of conduct decided by each person for himself or herself for operating in this world and fellow beings.   Moral ethics are formed from the obligations and duties of a person in the society. Nobody can force a person to adhere to moral ethics. For e.g. if a person sees an accident victim lying on the road it is his moral ethic to help out the victim but if he chooses to not do so then no social institution can punish him for this unwillingness. Thus these ethics are relative and subjective Utilitarianism is a normative ethical theory that places the locus of right and wrong solely on the outcomes (consequences) of choosing one action/policy over other actions/policies. As such, it moves beyond the scope of ones own interests and takes into account the interests of others Benthams Principle of Utility Recognizes the fundamental role of pain and pleasure in human life, approves or disapproves of an action on the basis of the amount of pain or pleasure brought about i.e., consequences, equates good with pleasure and evil with pain, and asserts that pleasure and pain are capable of quantification Act and Rule Utilitarianism We can apply the principle of utility to either PARTICULAR ACTIONS or GENERAL RULES. The former is called act-utilitarianism and the latter is called rule-utilitarianism. Act-utilitarianism   The principle of utility is applied directly to each alternative act in a situation of choice. The right act is then defined as the one which brings about the best results (or the least amount of bad results). Rule-utilitarianism   The principle of utility is used to determine the validity of rules of conduct (moral principles). A rule like promise-keeping is established by looking at the consequences of a world in which people broke promises at will and a world in which promises were binding. Right and wrong are then defined as following or breaking those rules.   Deontological Theories Having briefly taken a look at deontologists foil, consequentiality theories of act evaluation, we turn now to examine deontological theories. In contrast to consequentiality theories, deontological theories judge the morality of choices by criteria different than the states of affairs those choices bring about. Roughly speaking, deontologists of all stripes hold that some choices cannot be justified by their effects that no matter how morally good their consequences, some choices are morally forbidden. On deontological accounts of morality, agents cannot make certain wrongful choices even if by doing so the number of wrongful choices will be minimized (because other agents will be prevented from engaging in similar wrongful choices). For deontologists, what makes a choice right is its conformity with a moral norm. Such norms are to be simply obeyed by each moral agent; such norm-keepings are not to be maximized by each agent. In this sense, for deontologists, the Right has priority over the Good. If an act is not in accord with the Right, it may not be undertaken, no matter the Good that it might produce.   Ethical egoism   Is the prescriptive doctrine that all persons ought to act from their own self-interest? Personal ethical egoism   Is the belief that only I should act from the motive of self-interest, nothing is stated about what motives others should act from. Individual ethical egoism   Is the prescriptive doctrine that all persons should serve my self-interest? Universal ethical egoism   Is the universal doctrine that all persons should pursue their own interests exclusively? Computer History The development of the modern day computer was the result of advances in technologies and mans need to quantify. Papyrus helped early man to record language and numbers. The abacus was one of the first counting machines. Some of the earlier mechanical counting machines lacked the technology to make the design work. For instance, some had parts made of wood prior to metal manipulation and manufacturing. Imagine the wear on wooden gears. This history of computers site includes the names of early pioneers of math and computing. What is a Computer? A computer is an electronic device, which executes software programs. It consists of 2 parts-hardware and software. The computer processes input through input devices like mouse and keyboard. The computer displays output through output devices like color monitor and printer. The size of a computer varies considerably from very small to very big. The speed of computers also has a very large range. Computers have become indispensable in todays world USES of COMPUTER Word Processing   Word Processing software automatically corrects spelling and grammar mistakes. If the content of a document repeats you dont have to type it each time. You can use the copy and paste features. You can printout documents and make several copies. It is easier to read a word-processed document than a handwritten one. You can add images to your document. Mathematical Calculations   Thanks to computers, which have computing speeds of over a million calculations per second we can perform the biggest of mathematical calculations. Planning and Scheduling   Software can be used to store contact information, generating plans, scheduling appointments and deadlines. DISADVANTAGE of USING COMPUTER Computer  addiction   Is a relatively new term used to describe a dependency on ones  computer.  Computer  addiction  is not limited to  personal computers  (PCs). It covers video games and the Internet and has already been given a label by psychologists, namely Internet  addiction  disorder. Obsessive playing of off-line computer games, such as Solitaire or Minesweeper, or obsessive computer programming. Cybersex Addiction Compulsive use of Internet pornography, adult chat rooms, or adult fantasy role-play sites impacting negatively on real-life intimate relationships. Cyber-Relationship Addiction   Addiction to social networking, chat rooms, and messaging to the point where virtual, online friends become more important than real-life relationships with family and friends. Computer ethics Computer ethics is set of moral principles that regulate the use of computers. Some common issues of computer ethics include intellectual property rights (such as copyrighted electronic content), privacy concerns, and how computers affect society. For example, while it is easy to duplicate copyrighted electronic (or  digital) content, computer ethics would suggest that it is wrong to do so without the authors approval. And while it may be possible to access someones personal information on a computer system, computer ethics would advise that such an action is unethical. As technology advances, computers continue to have a greater impact on society. Therefore, computer ethics promotes the discussion of how much influence computers should have in areas such as artificial intelligence and human communication. As the world of computers evolves, computer ethics continues to create ethical standards that address new issues raised by new technologies. Is a new branch of ethics that is growing and changing rapidly as computer technology also grows and develop. Code of ethics in using computer Information stored on the computer should be treated as seriously as written or spoken word. Privacy should not be violated. In case of academic use, it is known plagiarism. Information from public viewing should not be modified or delete or inaccessible since there are consider as destructive act. Intrusive software such as worm and viruses which are destructive to the computer system is also illegal. Sending obscene and crude messages through mail or chat is also forbidden. Ethical rules for computer user Do not use computer to harm other users Do not use computer to steal other information Do not access a file without the permission of the owner Do not copy copyrighted software without the authors permission Always respect copyright law and policies Respect privacy of others, just as you expect the same from the others ADVANTAGES OF USING COMPUTER Total availability of any information you could want. Quotes, history, books from the library, news articles, different opinions and viewpoints, immediate news, encyclopedias, information available that may have taken you weeks or years to discover if you had to search through different sources and locations. You can find recipes online. You can chat with people, while doing other things. You can now watch videos, and listen to all sorts of music. You can visit information resources, groups, studies, etc. You can learn about medical issues, and legal issues. You can attend school online. You can write a poem, a story, a book, a script. You can create a full-feature movie. You can compose music. You can sort out your ideas. Manage your money. Do your banking. Organize your job. Buy concert tickets. Buy practically anything you can imagine online. Use computer to pay all utilities bills in 15 mins which would take more than an hour to go to the post office to make payment in queue. Kee p a personal diary. Play games. Invent and create new games and programs. Discover interesting things, or see other countries. Learn. Grow. Interact. MORAL Computers today are one of the important things we are using. They have helped a lot in compiling a lot data which used to be in hard records. One of the uses or benefits of computers is that they are able to provide and retrieve information so quickly so they have increased the pace of our work. The increase in the speed of work has helped us to do many things with less resources like in past a lot of manpower was used for record keeping and files and other things were made to keep the records saved.   This is one use of computers in our lives other than that computers has helped us to work with machines which have the ability to produce the best quality of products with maximum speed and efficiency. In todays world it is necessary that to cater for such a heavy population things are made at the higher pace with best quality, so it is possible with the help of  computer  that we are able to cater for the need of quantity and quality of products required in daily life.   Computer is also helping us in education of children; it has enabled us to get the information form one part of the world to the other at a very rapid pace. So in summary computer today is in every walk of life, and is helping us a lot in developing at a fast pace Also most of use our computers to look up past events, and then there the other reason on how computers help our lives, by using computers we can check up on the weather, before we go to work or school. So by checking the weather we already know if its going to Rain or Snow. Or its could be sunny. then there contracting other family members, where many of us use our computers to text our family to see how theyre going, when member of you family is so far away living in a difference state or country Last but not least by using our computers to shop on the internet we can find the product we are looking for. Without going inside the retail store to look for it, only to find out its sold out. So by shopping on the internet it saves some a lot of trouble. From looking for something that is not there.

Does Shakespeare matter? :: essays research papers

In today’s world the quality of the art form called writing is said to be somewhat diminishing, it is important for English literature to keep some studies of classic literature, such as Shakespeare. I think well rounded education must have a strong foundation in both modern and classical literature, for the foundation in classical literature, an in-depth study of Shakespeare’s works would be more than sufficient. Not only was Shakespeare so skilled in his writing that he has become a significant point in the history of literature, but a majority of his works were written on such basic human themes that they will last for all time and must not be forgotten. William Shakespeare has become landmark in English literature. One must be familiar with the early days of English literature in order to comprehend the foundation of much of more modern literature’s basis. Shakespeare’s modern influence is still seen clearly in many ways. The success of Shakespeare’s works helped to set the example for the development of modern dramas and plays. He is also acknowledged for being one of the first writers to use any modern prose in his writings. Another sign of a truly dominant writer is one who finds even the entire existing vocabulary of the language limiting to his creativity. Shakespeare often did, and so on occasion created his own form of grammar and vocabulary, much of which has since become commonly used. Few modern writers have the skill to make new words which stick in the language, or to write in such a way that their words become used centuries later. By using just the right combination of words, or by coming up with just the right image, Shakespeare wrote many passages and entire plays that were so powerful, moving, tragic, comedic, and romantic that many are still being memorized and performed today, almost four centuries later. But the greatness of Shakespeare’s ability lies not so much in the basic themes of his works but in the creativity he used to write these stories of love, power, greed, discrimination, hatred, and tragedy. Therefore there can be no doubt that knowledge of the works of Shakespeare is needed for any education of English literature to be considered complete and well rounded.

Federal Reserve Eco 372

Economic strategy can overwhelm some, but one who understands the idea of how money can stimulate or dissolve the economic market obtains an understanding of the Federal Reserve. The Federal Reserve is a bank in which other banks loan and call upon when in need. The Federal Reserve Bank ensures all funds in Community and other federally accredited banks, also known as FDIC. Even though the Federal Reserve is a bank it is impacts the economic growth or decline in ways of monetary policy and stimulation or dissolve. The Federal Reserve Bank uses a tactic known as discount rate, which is the term used for the interest charged for loans by banks.When the discount rate is low, banks can increase the amount of loans offered, as well as lower the interest rate in their location. When the discount rate is high, banks will decrease the number of loans and raise the interest rates they charge. The Federal Reserve can use the power of the discount rate to increase or decrease the amount of mone y in circulation. Banks may even need to â€Å"share† the excess or surplus of funds in their reserves with another bank; this is known as Fed Funds. These funds carry an interest rate as well.The interest rate may be higher or lower depending on the Federal Reserve. The higher the interest rate the more likely a bank is wanting to loan to another bank. If it is lower the desire will be undesirable. The Discount and Fed Funds rate correspond, the Discount rate is normally set slightly below the Fed Funds rate in effort to increase the money in circulation. When the discount rate is above the Fed Fund rates then the money in circulation is decreased. The Federal Reserve Bank is located in each region to allow for an even distribution among the United States.Each of the Reserve Banks are governed by the Federal Reserve System’s Board of Governors who have been nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate. The Chairman and Vice Chairman of the Board are then app ointed by the President from the confirmed members. The members’ term are each 14 years in length, with new members being nominated and confirmed every two years on even-numbered years. The Chairman and Vice Chairman will serve for four years in the respective title without affecting their member status on the Board.The Federal Reserve Board of Governors will assist in recommending stimulus programs when needed. These programs assist in building the economy without relying on the banking or finance industry heavily. Expansionary and Contractionary Fiscal Policy may also be needed when programs seem to be ineffective. After one has been able to learn the basics of how the Federal Reserve works then the process of understanding the measures needed to affect the economic outcome may become easier to understand. This process is done by the way of government involvement with the budget, fiscal and monetary policy.Each of the procedures are meant to assist in building the economic stability, and to help ensure the soundness of the United States currency. Every congressional budget planning session affects the need for the monetary policies for the Federal Reserve. After the Board of Governors is nominated and confirmed they are ready to get in and work on stabilizing the economy along with the monetary policies needed to build for the future. The Board of Governors will sit in position for 14 years, this will allow them to see and gain a better understanding of the true economic cycle.This will allow for a better gage on the flow of the economic path. After obtaining an understanding of the Federal Reserve, one will be able to identify and understand the measures taken to assist in maintaining the proper stabilization in which employment increases and the economic market is sustained by the open market. The open market is maintaining by the buyers and sellers in the economy. These are the businesses people work and shop at daily. The major focus on the econom ic model is the open market and this is apparent with the Federal Reserve and the tools for the monetary policy.

Father The Hard Worker essays

Father The Hard Worker essays Everyday millions of fathers go to work each day. My father stays home to work. For many years now my father has worked out of the house. For many years to come he will continue to work out of the house. He also works with the Muslim community and has time to support a wife and three children. He is a very hard worker. My father is a auto mechanic. He has been working on cars for 15 years now. He is self-employed and has no steady salary. At the age of 53 years old he makes working on cars look like a sinch. In reality the pain he faces and the sickness that overwhelms him at times is what he is rewarded by. A job that has no reliable income and shifts as jobs come by and go only determines how much he gets paid. There have been months when us kids had to put in more money then what our own father has made. He loves the job and couldnt imagine doing anything else. He works knowing one day the work will one day kill him. Although my father spends majority of the time working on cars, he always has time for the Mosque. He visits the Mosque everyday for the last two prayers of the day. He also volunteers for activities that might be going on during the weeks. Every year during Ramadan my father makes a small group of volunteers to feed the Muslims at the time of breaking the fast. For 30 days he keeps his fast as he helps the volunteers serve food and drinks. Even after spending so much time with work and religious activities, he always has time for his family. I still remember the times he used to take us to the park and to the movies. He still takes the whole family to the movies. We also go on family vacations to states such as Florida or Texas. He also takes us to Canada to visit all our Uncles and Aunts from my fathers side of the family. He works very hard to provide our family with the materials we need and want. We might not be the riches family, but he sure doesnt let us feel like we arent any ...

About John Stuart Mill, a Male Feminist and Philosopher

About John Stuart Mill, a Male Feminist and Philosopher John Stuart Mill (1806 to 1873) is best known for his writings on liberty, ethics, human rights and economics. The utilitarian ethicist Jeremy Bentham was an influence in his youth. Mill, an atheist, was godfather to Bertrand Russell. A friend was Richard Pankhurst, the husband of suffrage activist Emmeline Pankhurst. John Stuart Mill and Harriet Taylor had 21 years of an unmarried, intimate friendship. After her husband died, they married in 1851. That same year, she published an essay, The Enfranchisement of Women, advocating for women being able to vote. It was barely three years after American women had called for womens suffrage at the Womans Rights Convention at Seneca Falls, New York. The Mills claimed that a transcript of a speech by Lucy Stone from the 1850 Womens Rights Convention was their inspiration. Harriet Taylor Mill died in 1858. Harriets daughter served as his assistant in subsequent years. John Stuart Mill published On Liberty shortly before Harriet died, and many believe that Harriet had more than a small influence on that work. The Subjection of Women Mill wrote The Subjection of Women in 1861, though it was not published until 1869. In this, he argues for education of women and for perfect equality for them. He credited Harriet Taylor Mill with co-authoring the essay, but few at the time or later took it seriously. Even today, many feminists accept his word on this, while many non-feminist historians and authors do not. The opening paragraph of this essay makes his position quite clear: The object of this Essay is to explain as clearly as I am able grounds of an opinion which I have held from the very earliest period when I had formed any opinions at all on social political matters, and which, instead of being weakened or modified, has been constantly growing stronger by the progress reflection and the experience of life. That the principle which regulates the existing social relations between the two sexes - the legal subordination of one sex to the other - is wrong itself, and now one of the chief hindrances to human improvement; and that it ought to be replaced by a principle of perfect equality, admitting no power or privilege on the one side, nor disability on the other. Parliament From 1865 to 1868, Mill served as a Member of Parliament. In 1866, he became the first M.P. ever to call for women being given the vote, introducing a bill written by his friend Richard Pankhurst. Mill continued to advocate for womens vote along with other reforms including additional suffrage extensions. He served as president of the Society for Womens Suffrage, founded in 1867. Extending Suffrage to Women In 1861, Mill had published Considerations on Representative Government, advocating for for a universal but graduated suffrage. This was the basis for many of his efforts in Parliament. Here is an excerpt from chapter VIII, Of the Extension of the Suffrage, where he discusses womens voting rights: In the preceding argument for universal but graduated suffrage, I have taken no account of difference of sex. I consider it to be as entirely irrelevant to political rights as difference in height or in the color of the hair. All human beings have the same interest in good government; the welfare of all is alike affected by it, and they have equal need of a voice in it to secure their share of its benefits. If there be any difference, women require it more than men, since, being physically weaker, they are more dependent on law and society for protection. Mankind have long since abandoned the only premises which will support the conclusion that women ought not to have votes. No one now holds that women should be in personal servitude; that they should have no thought, wish, or occupation but to be the domestic drudges of husbands, fathers, or brothers. It is allowed to unmarried, and wants but little of being conceded to married women to hold property, and have pecuniary and business interests in the same manner as men. It is considered suitable and proper that women should think, and write, and be teachers. As soon as these things are admitted, the political disqualification has no principle to rest on. The whole mode of thought of the modern world is, with increasing emphasis, pronouncing against the claim of society to decide for individuals what they are and are not fit for, and what they shall and shall not be allowed to attempt. If the principles of modern politics and political economy are good for any thing, it is for proving that these points can only be rightly judged of by the individuals themselves; and that, under complete freedom of choice, wherever there are real diversities of aptitude, the greater number will apply themselves to the things for which they are on the average fittest, and the exceptional course will only be taken by the exceptions. Either the whole tendency of modern social improvements has been wrong, or it ought to be carried ou t to the total abolition of all exclusions and disabilities which close any honest employment to a human being. But it is not even necessary to maintain so much in order to prove that women should have the suffrage. Were it as right as it is wrong that they should be a subordinate class, confined to domestic occupations and subject to domestic authority, they would not the less require the protection of the suffrage to secure them from the abuse of that authority. Men, as well as women, do not need political rights in order that they may govern, but in order that they may not be misgoverned. The majority of the male sex are, and will be all their lives, nothing else than laborers in corn-fields or manufactories; but this does not render the suffrage less desirable for them, nor their claim to it less irresistible, when not likely to make a bad use of it. Nobody pretends to think that woman would make a bad use of the suffrage. The worst that is said is that they would vote as mere dependents, the bidding of their male relations. If it be so, so let it be. If they think for themselves, great go od will be done; and if they do not, no harm. It is a benefit to human beings to take off their fetters, even if they do not desire to walk. It would already be a great improvement in the moral position of women to be no longer declared by law incapable of an opinion, and not entitled to a preference, respecting the most important concerns of humanity. There would be some benefit to them individually in having something to bestow which their male relatives can not exact, and are yet desirous to have. It would also be no small matter that the husband would necessarily discuss the matter with his wife, and that the vote would not be his exclusive affair, but a joint concern. People do not sufficiently consider how markedly the fact that she is able to have some action on the outward world independently of him, raises her dignity and value in a vulgar mans eyes, and makes her the object of a respect which no personal qualities would ever obtain for one whose social existence he can ent irely appropriate. The vote itself, too, would be improved in quality. The man would often be obliged to find honest reasons for his vote, such as might induce a more upright and impartial character to serve with him under the same banner. The wifes influence would often keep him true to his own sincere opinion. Often, indeed, it would be used, not on the side of public principle, but of the personal interest or worldly vanity of the family. But, wherever this would be the tendency of the wifes influence, it is exerted to the full already in that bad direction, and with the more certainty, since under the present law and custom she is generally too utter a stranger to politics in any sense in which they involve principle to be able to realize to herself that there is a point of honor in them; and most people have as little sympathy in the point of honor of others, when their own is not placed in the same thing, as they have in the religious feelings of those whose religion differs f rom theirs. Give the woman a vote, and she comes under the operation of the political point of honor. She learns to look on politics as a thing on which she is allowed to have an opinion, and in which, if one has an opinion, it ought to be acted upon; she acquires a sense of personal accountability in the matter, and will no longer feel, as she does at present, that whatever amount of bad influence she may exercise, if the man can but be persuaded, all is right, and his responsibility covers all. It is only by being herself encouraged to form an opinion, and obtain an intelligent comprehension of the reasons which ought to prevail with the conscience against the temptations of personal or family interest, that she can ever cease to act as a disturbing force on the political conscience of the man. Her indirect agency can only be prevented from being politically mischievous by being exchanged for direct. I have supposed the right of suffrage to depend, as in a good state of things it would, on personal conditions. Where it depends, as in this and most other countries, on conditions of property, the contradiction is even more flagrant. There something more than ordinarily irrational in the fact that when a woman can give all the guarantees required from a male elector, independent circumstances, the position of a householder and head of a family, payment of taxes, or whatever may be the conditions imposed, the very principle and system of a representation based on property is set aside, and an exceptionally personal disqualification is created for the mere purpose of excluding her. When it is added that in the country where this is done a woman now reigns, and that the most glorious ruler whom that country ever had was a woman, the picture of unreason and scarcely disguised injustice is complete. Let us hope that as the work proceeds of pulling down, one after another, the remains of the mouldering fabric of monopoly and tyranny, this one will not be the last to disappear; that the opinion of Bentham, of Mr. Samuel Bailey, of Mr. Hare, and many other of the most powerful political thinkers of this age and country (not to speak of others), will make its way to all minds not rendered obdurate by selfishness or inveterate prejudice; and that, before the lapse another generation, the accident of sex, no more than the accident of skin, will be deemed a sufficient justification for depriving its possessor of the equal protection and just privileges of a citizen. (Chapter VIII Of the Extension of the Suffrage from Considerations of Representative Government, by John Stuart Mill, 1861.)

This a field note Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

This a field note - Essay Example I want to relay the commentators’ views verbatim, but I am at a loss. No matter how I probe my brain to remember how they said things, all I can remember were the feelings those words had on me. Still, in this narrative, I will try to relay the details by interpreting and paraphrasing what was retained in my memory (Emerson, Fretz, and Shaw 75). Additionally, in this account, I will also try as much as possible to refer to scenes as I have personally experienced and seen them, to provide the most detailed account of the event I want to narrate (Emerson, Fretz, and Shaw 83). In reference to the title I chose, I am not saying that people are asking for blood, but boxing, as we know it, sort of makes one expect that the more bloody the event is, the more exhilarating the winning is. This was what I felt during the hours of watching a spectacular boxing match a couple of months ago. I was at home cozily sitting on the plush brown sofa I chose to sit on for the event. On the mahoga ny center table, I placed a large bowl of yellow buttered popcorn that I just got out from the microwave. The flavorful scent that permeated the air made me smile as I placed a tall glass of iced tea beside the glass bowl. I was preparing myself to be as excited as the crowd because it is a very much talked about match. Curious to see what this titleholder has to offer, I began to immerse myself in the game. I was trying to listen to what the commentators were saying, and the crowd’s piercing screams caused me a frown or two occasionally. By the middle part of the match, my hands were already clammy with cold sweat. I did not realize I was so much taken by the events inside the ring. I clutched my white handkerchief, gripping it every time a good punch was given. My heartbeat was already above normal at that time, feeling like I took a 15-minute brisk walk. What really held my interest were the cuts and wounds on T’s face. I do not want to imagine how it feels like to have swollen flesh with nasty-looking cuts being hit with strong punches every few minutes or so. I could swear I see T’s grimace towards the latter part of the game. I even began to wonder whether they were really grimaces or his face was just badly swollen and disfigured. The camera zoomed across the audience at the end of every round. It focused on faces smiling, laughing, and anxious. The noise and screaming were overwhelming. Funny how the camera seems to quickly catch standout expressions like mouths wide open to scream their taunts and jeers. I noticed one teenage person in bright red shirt whose freckled face appeared to be more freckled as he seemed to shout his outrage. I particularly do not know what he is mad about, but his expression told me a lot. He kept nudging his other companions while waving and pointing his fingers towards the ring, making all verbal gestures that spoke of how agitated he was. On the other hand, some played it cool, casually smiling, and l aughing with their friends, or even strangers who happen to be near them. Observing the crowd made me feel like I was there with them; the only difference is the advantage of watching specific angles of the whole arena. The bell for the last two rounds rang and the crowd sounded more frenzied. Everyone

The arbitrage theory of capital asset pricing Literature review

The arbitrage theory of capital asset pricing - Literature review Example At the same time, the risk factor offers price to investors for investing their money in risky securities. The sum total of both these factors gives a clear view regarding the expected rate of return on a particular asset. It is generally calculated by using a risk measure called beta. The arbitrage pricing theory is a well known alternative to capital asset pricing model that is beneficial for the investors to determine whether an asset is correctly priced or not. This paper tends to evaluate various aspects of the arbitrage theory of capital pricing. Structure of Arbitrage Pricing Theory Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT) is an alternative to capital asset pricing theory and it is formulated by the economist Stephen Ross in 1976. In order to clearly evaluate the potentiality of arbitrage pricing theory, it is necessary to understand the range and terms of capital asset pricing model (CAPM). As discussed above, CAPM calculates rate of return of an asset by adding the value of risk taken with duration of investment. It is relevant to understand the working method of CAPM also. Assume that risk-free rate is 5%, the beta measure of the stock is 3 and the expected rate of market return for this period is 12%; then the expected rate of stock becomes: 5%+3(12% - 5%) = 26% In the opinion of Roll and Ross (1980), this theory had considerable significance in empirical work during the periods of 1960’s and 1970’s. However further researches on this concept have questioned its reliability and authenticity of the computation of empirical constellation of asset returns; and, many related theories have detected ranges of disenchantment with the CAPM (ibid). Authors say that this situation led to the demand for a more potential theory and it caused the formulation of APT. Although, APT was developed recently, CAPM is considered as the basis of modern portfolio theory. Huberman and Wang (2005) claim that both the CAPM and APT show relation between expected returns o f assets and their co-variance with other random variables; and an investor cannot avoid some types of risks by diversification and the concept of covariance is interpreted as a measure of such risks. While comparing with CAPM, the APT contains fewer assumptions; and at the same time, this theory is very difficult to use. Roll and Ross (1980) clearly tells that the basic idea behind arbitrage pricing theory is that the price of a security is varied by mainly two groups of factors such as macro factors and company specific factors. Since no ‘arbitrage assumptions’ are employed, this theory is popularly known in this name. The group categorization and thereby macro as well as company specific factors are very crucial to form the following formula: r = rf + ?1f1 + ?2f2 + ?3f3 + †¦ where r represents the expected rate on the security and rf is the risk free rate. In this formula, f stands for a separate factor and ? is a relationship measure between the security price and that factor. Cho, Eun, and Senbet (1986) have conducted an empirical investigation so as to evaluate the international performance of the arbitrage pricing policy. In their research, they mainly employed two valuation techniques such as inter-battery factor analysis and Chow test. The inter-battery factor analysis helped the authors to estimate the international common factors while they could test the validity of the APT using Chow test method. A